Acoustic Behavior - Neural and Comparative Bases

声学行为 - 神经和比较基础

• 批准号: 8021007
• 负责人: RONALD R HOY
• 金额: $ 28.78万
• 依托单位: CORNELL UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1977
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1977-09-01 至 2015-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8021007
• 关键词: Acoustics; Address; Aedes; Anatomy; Animal Behavior; Animals; Architecture; Auditory; Behavior; Biology; Biomechanics; Body Size; Brain; Cells; Characteristics; Chironomus thummi; Cochlea; Coupled; Coupling; Cues; Culicidae; Curiosities; Data; Detection; Development; Dimensions; Ear; Electrodes; Engineering; Environmental Wind; Female; Force of Gravity; Fractionation; Frequencies; Goals; Head; Hearing; Hearing Aids; Image; Insecta; Label; Laboratories; Lasers; Lead; Legal patent; Length; Location; Measurement; Measures; Mechanics; Miniaturization; Mission; Modality; Modeling; Morphology; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; Neurons; Noise; Organ; Organ Size; Partner in relationship; Performance; Phase; Physiological; Physiology; Preparation; Public Health; Publishing; Research; Resolution; Sensory; Signal Transduction; Sound Localization; Staining method; Stains; Structure; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Translating; Tympanic cavity; Wing; Work; appendage; base; comparative; design; detector; engineering design; fly; improved; interest; male; mathematical model; millimeter; molecular marker; nano; neurophysiology; next generation; novel; particle; public health relevance; receptor; relating to nervous system; response; sound; success; vibration

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this laboratory is to understand how biomechanics, anatomy, and physiology enable hearing of high sensitivity and directional acuity. This proposal focuses on microscale ears because physical constraints make sound localization and high sensitivity extraordinarily challenging with ears of microscale dimension. Mosquitoes are among the smallest animals that hear. They possess antennae attached to Johnston's hearing organs (JOs) as external appendages on their heads. JOs are functionally analogous to the mammalian cochlea, but far more accessible. This work will use Doppler laser vibrometry to measure mechanical responses and physiological recordings to test the sensitivity of the two antennae. Preliminary data show that these ears are sensitive to sound over a large bandwidth and have modes of vibration substantially different from those published before. These data will lead to a mathematical model of antennal vibration. Preliminary calculations already indicate that antennae may have noise characteristics superior to those of tympana. The Aedes mosquito is not the smallest insect that hears. Interestingly, the antennae of even tinier midges and of even larger mosquito species are all about the same size. This suggests that they are all near the lower size limit for acoustic function. Comparing ears in these three species may reveal the limits of auditory function. The over 30,000 sensory cells of the JO have a unique and highly-ordered architecture that suggest tonotopic organization and modality fractionation enabling performance equal to macroscopic ears. Mosquito antennae respond to gravity and wind as well as to sound. The basic structure and function of antennae will be probed with molecular markers to determine functional subdivisions among its mechanosensory neurons. This research is relevant to public health and the mission of NIDCD. Far-field particle velocity and antennal ears are a relatively unexplored realm of auditory acoustics at small size. A goal of this work is to reveal the basic principles behind auditory function at all size scales. Miniaturization is coveted goal in practical engineering. The design features of these miniature ears could motivate mechanical engineers to biomimic and "translate" them into novel nano-to-microscale directional microphones. These findings potentially extend well beyond mere entomological curiosity. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project investigates hearing in the smallest known ears, with the ultimate goal of providing information that engineers might use to develop small directional microphones for improved hearing aids.

描述（由申请人提供）：该实验室的长期目标是了解生物力学、解剖学和生理学如何实现高灵敏度和方向敏锐度的听力。该提案重点关注微型耳朵，因为物理限制使得声音定位和高灵敏度对于微型尺寸的耳朵来说异常具有挑战性。蚊子是最小的有听觉的动物之一。它们的触角作为头部的外部附属物附着在约翰斯顿的听觉器官（JO）上。 JO 的功能类似于哺乳动物的耳蜗，但更容易接近。这项工作将使用多普勒激光测振仪来测量机械响应和生理记录，以测试两个天线的灵敏度。初步数据表明，这些耳朵对大带宽的声音很敏感，并且振动模式与之前发表的有很大不同。这些数据将产生天线振动的数学模型。初步计算已经表明，天线的噪声特性可能优于鼓室。伊蚊并不是最小的有听觉的昆虫。有趣的是，更小的蠓和更大的蚊子的触角都差不多大小。这表明它们都接近声学功能的尺寸下限。比较这三个物种的耳朵可能会揭示听觉功能的局限性。 JO 的 30,000 多个感觉细胞具有独特且高度有序的架构，表明音调组织和模态分离，从而实现与宏观耳朵相同的性能。蚊子的触角对重力、风以及声音都有反应。将用分子标记来探测触角的基本结构和功能，以确定其机械感觉神经元之间的功能细分。这项研究与公共卫生和 NIDCD 的使命相关。远场粒子速度和触角耳是小尺寸听觉声学中相对未经探索的领域。这项工作的目标是揭示各种大小尺度听觉功能背后的基本原理。小型化是实际工程中令人垂涎的目标。这些微型耳朵的设计特征可以激励机械工程师进行仿生并将其“转化”为新型纳米到微米级定向麦克风。这些发现可能远远超出了单纯的昆虫学好奇心。 公共健康相关性：该项目研究已知最小耳朵的听力，最终目标是提供工程师可用于开发小型定向麦克风以改进助听器的信息。