Chronic and Acute Effects of Nicotine Cigarettes on Social Information Processing

尼古丁香烟对社会信息处理的慢性和急性影响

• 批准号: 8144386
• 负责人: Antonina Savostyanova Farmer
• 金额: $ 3.01万
• 依托单位: GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-09-15 至 2014-03-14
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8144386
• 关键词: Acute; Address; Adult; Affect; Anger; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Attention; Attenuated; Behavioral; Cause of Death; Cessation of life; Chemicals; Chronic; Cigarette; Cognitive; Communities; Data; Detection; Economic Burden; Emotional; Emotions; Enrollment; Evaluation; Face; Face Processing; Facial Expression; Gender; Goals; Health; Hour; Human; Individual; Ingestion; Learning; Literature; Maintenance; Measures; Motivation; National Institute of Mental Health; Nicotine; Nicotine Dependence; Nicotine Withdrawal; Participant; Placebos; Predisposition; Process; Public Health; Reaction Time; Reporting; Research; Rewards; Risk; Sampling; Smoke; Smoker; Smoking; Smoking Behavior; Stimulus; Techniques; Testing; United States; Withdrawal Symptom; cigarette smoking; emotion regulation; experience; hedonic; information processing; positive emotional state; response; showing emotion; smoking cessation; social

Cigarette smoking has well documented health risks, an economic burden of over $167 billion annually, and provides only modest hedonic effects, yet one in five adults continues to smoke. The aim of the proposed project will be to uncover a potential mechanism for the maintenance of nicotine dependence-increasing reward to social stimuli, which would reinforce social situations in which people tend to smoke. An effect of nicotine on social information processing, as evidenced by differences in attention bias and evaluation of emotion intensity, would suggest that smokers experience greater reward from positive social stimuli or perceive less threat from negative social stimuli after ingesting nicotine. Considering the pervasiveness of social situations in which smoking occurs, such an effect might explain why smokers accept the risk of health consequences. The goal of this project is twofold: (1) examine how chronic smokers process emotion valence and intensity in facial expressions, and (2) determine whether nicotine ingestion has a direct effect on how smokers process facial expressions. We will enroll 132 smokers, 66 chronic, nicotine-dependent smokers and 66 occasional, non-dependent smokers. To address the first goal, all smokers will abstain from nicotine for 24 hours prior to completing tasks to measure reaction times and accuracy in detecting emotions in human faces. We hypothesize that chronic smokers will have an attention bias toward negative (angry, disgust) emotion expressions and will overestimate the intensity of these negative expressions, while occasional smokers will have a bias toward positive (happy) emotion expression. Because the differences expected in chronic smokers may be due to nicotine withdrawal, we plan to disentangle the chemical effects of nicotine from withdrawal symptom relief. The second part of the project will involve participants smoking either a nicotine-containing or placebo cigarette prior to completing behavioral tasks. We will analyze the direct effects of nicotine on how people perceive facial expressions by comparing reaction times and accuracy with data from the first trial before the cigarette. Previous research suggests that nicotine increases susceptibility to reward stimuli. Acute nicotine administration is therefore expected to increase attention and intensity bias for happy faces compared to placebo. When comparing with occasional smokers, we expect chronic smokers to experience greater changes in social information processing; this would suggest that nicotine ingestion may attenuate the adverse social-emotional consequences of nicotine withdrawal. Secondary aims of this research will address possible moderators of these effects: emotion regulation strategies, social anxiety, gender, and motivations for smoking. Since more than 95 percent of individuals who attempt to quit smoking fail, this study would be an important contribution to inform treatment of nicotine dependence. A social enhancement effect of cigarette smoking would suggest cognitive-behavioral techniques to be of particular value in helping smokers quit.

吸烟对健康的危害是有据可查的，每年造成的经济负担超过1670亿美元，而且只提供适度的享乐效应，然而五分之一的成年人继续吸烟。拟议项目的目的是揭示维持尼古丁依赖的潜在机制-增加对社会刺激的奖励，这将加强人们倾向于吸烟的社会环境。尼古丁对社会信息处理的影响，如注意偏向和情绪强度评估的差异所证明的，表明吸烟者在摄入尼古丁后从积极的社会刺激中获得更大的奖励或从消极的社会刺激中感受到更少的威胁。考虑到吸烟在社会环境中的普遍性，这种影响可能解释了为什么吸烟者接受健康后果的风险。这个项目的目标是双重的：（1）检查慢性吸烟者如何处理面部表情中的情绪效价和强度，以及（2）确定尼古丁摄入是否对吸烟者如何处理面部表情有直接影响。我们将招募132名吸烟者，66名慢性尼古丁依赖吸烟者和66名偶尔非依赖吸烟者。为了实现第一个目标，所有吸烟者在完成任务之前将戒烟24小时，以测量反应时间和检测人脸情绪的准确性。我们假设，长期吸烟者会对消极（愤怒，厌恶）的情绪表达有注意力偏见，并会高估这些消极表达的强度，而偶尔吸烟者会对积极（快乐）的情绪表达有偏见。因为在慢性吸烟者中预期的差异可能是由于尼古丁戒断，我们计划将尼古丁的化学作用与戒断症状缓解分开。该项目的第二部分将涉及参与者在完成行为任务之前吸烟含尼古丁或安慰剂香烟。我们将分析尼古丁对人们如何感知面部表情的直接影响，方法是将反应时间和准确性与吸烟前的第一次试验数据进行比较。先前的研究表明，尼古丁增加了对奖励刺激的敏感性。因此，与安慰剂相比，急性尼古丁给药预计会增加对快乐面孔的注意力和强度偏倚。与偶尔吸烟者相比，我们预计长期吸烟者在社会信息处理方面会经历更大的变化;这表明尼古丁摄入可能会减轻尼古丁戒断的不良社会情绪后果。本研究的次要目的将解决这些影响的可能调节因素：情绪调节策略，社交焦虑，性别和吸烟动机。由于超过95%的人试图戒烟失败，这项研究将是一个重要的贡献，为尼古丁依赖的治疗提供信息。吸烟的社会增强效应表明认知行为技术在帮助吸烟者戒烟方面具有特殊价值。