Gastrointestinal Peptide Signaling through PKC/PKD

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DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) agonists, including gastrointestinal (GI) peptides, promote rapid contractile and/or secretory responses in their target cells. The discovery that GI peptides can also induce cell proliferation identified a novel role for these informational molecules. Recent evidence indicates that the mitogenic effects of GPCR agonists are relevant for a number of critical biological processes, including development, compensatory growth and tumorigenesis. The broad, long-term objective of this proposal remains to elucidate the signal transduction pathways that mediate GPCR-induced cell proliferation. Protein kinase C (PKC) occupies a pivotal role in the signal transduction pathways that mediate numerous cellular responses elicited by GI peptides including cell proliferation and modulation of GPCR signaling. However, the events occurring downstream of specific isoforms of PKC remain elusive and our own results demonstrated the existence of PKC-independent pathways leading to mitogenesis. The present challenge is to identify PKC-dependent and PKC-independent downstream targets for GPCRs that transmit signals to the cell interior that participate in the regulation of cell proliferation. Recently, protein kinase D (PKD), cloned in our laboratory, has emerged as a major element in the signal transduction pathways leading to GPCR-induced cell proliferation. Our previous studies demonstrated rapid PKD activation in a broad range of biological systems, including intestinal epithelial cells, via PKC- dependent PKD activation loop phosphorylation on Ser744 and Ser748. In the current proposal, we develop a model that envisages sequential PKD activation involving an early PKC-dependent and a late PKC- independent phase of PKD activation via transphosphorylation and autophosphorylation mechanisms. Additional studies with cells in culture and transgenic mice that express elevated levels of PKD protein in the distal small intestinal and colonic epithelium indicate that PKD plays a major role in mediating proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, our central hypothesis is that GPCR agonists activate a PKD-mediated phosphorylation cascade that plays a critical role in the signal transduction of GPCR-induced cellular proliferation. An additional hypothesis is that PKD signaling also operates in the regulation of migration of intestinal epithelial cells. This proposal will examine the following Specific Aims: 1) Characterize early and late phases of PKD activation in response to GPCR activation in intestinal epithelial cells; 2) Characterize the role of PKD in the proliferation and migration of intestinal epithelial cells; 3) Determine the role of PKD in intestinal cell proliferation in vivo using transgenic expression of PKD. Relevance to Public Health: Gastrointestinal (GI) peptides are chemical messengers that play critical roles in the regulation of cell proliferation and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of important diseases, including chronic inflammatory processes and cancer. In the current application, we propose to continue our studies elucidating the regulation and function of protein kinase D (PKD), a molecule that is emerging as a key player in transmitting GI peptide signals in their target cells. These studies have important implications not only for understanding fundamental regulatory mechanisms in the GI tract but also for identifying PKD as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in diseases characterized by either excessive or defective cell proliferation.