Genome Wide Haplotype Association Analysis

描述（由申请人提供）：连锁不平衡（LD，两个或多个位点等位基因的非随机关联）为检测导致复杂人类疾病（如高血压、糖尿病、肥胖和中风）的遗传变异提供了有价值的信息。单倍型是同一染色体上作为一个单位遗传的等位基因的组合，它可能为人类基因组的LD结构提供有价值的见解，并可能为绘制疾病基因提供额外的能力。这些见解可能不仅在疾病基因定位中有用，而且在其他领域也有用，如群体遗传学，其中单倍型信息已被用于研究迁移和移民率，遗传人口学和人类进化史。旨在开发人类基因组单倍型图谱的国际单倍图项目已经开始提供宝贵的资源，这些资源反过来可以促进新的单倍型方法的开发和测试。尽管使用大量的单核苷酸多态性（snp）进行单倍型分析的需求很大，但它也提出了很大的挑战。该项目的总体目标是开发新的统计和计算方法以及软件工具，用于分析复杂人类疾病基因的单倍型。该项目的具体目标是：(1)开发有效的算法来估计单倍型频率，并在不相关个体样本中存在信息缺失的基因型和基因型错误的情况下确定个体单倍型配置；(2)开发统计方法，以确定一组候选基因组区域，用于疾病关联制图；(3)开发新的基于单倍型的疾病基因定位方法，该方法可以处理信息缺失的基因型和基因型错误，可以结合来自多个感兴趣区域的信息，并且对群体异质性具有稳受性；(4)向科学界免费发布健壮且用户友好的软件，实现所提出的方法。所提出的方法将在公开可用的数据（例如来自HapMap项目的数据）以及合作者正在进行的项目中产生的其他人类数据上进行，包括关于左心室肥厚、类风湿性关节炎和肥胖的遗传影响的数据集。拟议的项目与NIH的使命密切相关，因为完成的方法将对广泛的生物医学研究界有用，并将极大地促进人类遗传变异及其与复杂疾病的关系的研究。这将有助于探索有关这些疾病的新知识。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Linkage disequilibrium (LD, the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci) provides valuable information for detecting genetic variations that are responsible for complex human diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and stroke. Haplotypes, the combinations of alleles on the same chromosome that were inherited as a unit, may offer valuable insights on the LD structure of the human genome and may provide additional power for mapping disease genes. Such insights may be useful not only in disease gene mapping, but also in other fields such as population genetics, where haplotype information has been used to study migration and immigration rates, genetic demography, and human evolutionary history. The international HapMap project, which aims to develop a haplotype map of the human genome, has already begun to provide valuable resources that can in turn motivate the development and testing of new haplotype methods. Although haplotype analysis using a large quantity of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is in great need, it also poses great challenges. The overall goal of this project is to develop novel statistical and computational methods and software tools for the analysis of haplotypes in mapping of complex human disease genes. The specific objectives of this project are: (1) to develop efficient algorithms to estimate haplotype frequencies and determine individual haplotype configurations in the presence of informatively missing genotypes and genotyping errors in samples of unrelated individuals; (2) to develop statistical methods to identify a set of candidate genomic regions for use in disease association mapping; (3) to develop new haplotype-based disease gene mapping methods that can handle informatively missing genotypes and genotyping errors, that can combine information from multiple regions of interest, and that are robust to population heterogeneity; and (4) to release robust and user-friendly software, which implements the proposed methods, to the scientific community at no charge. The proposed methods will be performed on the publicly available data (e.g. data from the HapMap project), as well as other human data generated in our collaborators' ongoing projects, including data sets concerning genetic effects on left ventricular hypertrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity. The proposed project is closely related to NIH's mission in that the accomplished methods will be useful to the broad biomedical research community and will greatly facilitate the study of human genetic variation and its association with complex diseases. This will help in pursuit of new knowledge about these diseases. Relevance: The proposed methods are expected to aid the discovery of the genes that are responsible for complex human diseases, help us to better understand them, and finally enhance our ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat these diseases.