Neighborhoods, daily stress, affect regulation, & Black male substance use

描述（由申请人提供）：在成年初期（18至29岁），与白人男性相比，黑人男性在药物使用方面表现出更急剧的上升（即交叉效应），并且经历了不成比例的更高的相关不良健康结果（例如，与艾滋病毒相关的死亡和凶杀）和低受教育程度。社区已被确定为调查成年初期物质使用的重要背景。然而，除了人口普查数据所界定的社区条件之外，目前关于社区条件在影响黑人新成年男性药物使用方面的作用的科学证据基础存在根本差距。一个同样值得注意的证据缺口是，有限的研究集中在解释为什么一些黑人成年男性暴露在不太理想的社区条件下，会有问题（与无问题）的物质使用（即酒精和大麻）的机制上。这个名为“社区、日常压力、影响调节和黑人男性物质使用”的K01应用程序提出了综合培训和研究，通过评估将直接观察到的社区暴力、酒精和药物活动与黑人男性新兴成人中有问题的物质使用联系起来的潜在途径，来解决这些差距。潜在的途径包括理论支持的压力-情感机制：日常压力，压力和雄激素（通过生物标志物评估），以及影响调节。基于生态系统理论的现象学变体（Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems theory）和压力、应对和冒险的心理生物学模型的中心假设（6-8）是，暴力、酒精和毒品活动频繁的社区通过增加日常压力体验而引发有问题的物质使用，从而导致更高的负面影响，以及皮质醇和睾丸激素的失调。此外，当这些应激反应过程与鼓励“填塞”负面情绪（即情绪抑制）的情绪调节策略同时发生时，对问题物质使用的影响预计会增强。这些研究将采用来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆社区（即人口普查街区群体）的非物质依赖黑人成年男性（n = 66）样本。将使用各种评估和分析方法，包括社区社会观察，生态瞬间评估（EMA），唾液激素生物标志物分析和焦点小组。三个具体目标将在两项补充研究中进行检验：1)使用环境类型社区清单（NIfETy） 9和生态瞬间评估（EMA）数据来检查社区暴力、酒精和药物活动（VAOD）与日常问题酒精和大麻使用之间的关系；2)研究社区VAOD与日常问题酒精和大麻使用之间的日常压力-情感机制；3)为未来的生态瞬时干预开发量身定制的信息，旨在“实时”调节压力-情感过程。鲍威尔·哈蒙德博士接受过临床心理学、健康行为和健康教育方面的培训，她的研究生涯主要集中在使用基于社区的方法来调查压力、性别和健康差异，特别是在黑人男性中。培训活动将包括：对社区进行系统社会观察的正式教学和实践指导，EMA和唾液生物科学方法，定制信息开发和生态瞬时干预设计的研讨会，研究培训中的生物伦理和负责任行为，以及参加国内和国际会议。她组建了一个强大的跨学科指导团队，将指导她的培训和职业发展计划，以建立药物滥用研究，社区流行病学评估和社会观察方法，生态瞬时评估/干预设计，唾液生物标志物测量和数据收集以及分析复杂纵向模型的统计方法的新技能。K01奖将提高她作为独立研究人员开发和测试全动力生态瞬时干预的能力，作为单独的r级提案。拟议的研究结果还将加强目前对黑人男性问题物质使用的社区影响的理解，为生态有效的成瘾和复发预防干预措施的发展提供信息，并最终有助于减少黑人新兴男性中物质使用的交叉效应和物质滥用相关的发病率和死亡率。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Black males exhibit a steeper escalation in substance use (i.e., cross-over effects) and experience disproportionately higher rates of correlated poor health outcomes (e.g., HIV-related deaths and homicide) and low educational attainment compared with White males during emerging adulthood (ages 18 to 29 years). 1-3 Neighborhoods have been identified as important contexts for investigating substance use during emerging adulthood. 4 Yet, there is a fundamental gap in the current scientific evidence-base about the role of neighborhood conditions, beyond those defined by census data, in shaping substance use for Black emerging adult males. An equally notable evidence gap is created by the limited number of studies focusing on mechanisms that could explain why some Black emerging adult males exposed to less optimal neighborhood conditions engage in problematic (vs. non-problematic) substance use (i.e., alcohol and marijuana). This K01 application, entitled Neighborhoods, daily stress, affect regulation, & Black male substance use proposes integrated training and research to address these gaps by assessing potential pathways linking directly-observed neighborhood violence, alcohol, and drug activity to problematic substance use among Black male emerging adults. The potential pathways include theory-supported stress- affective mechanisms: daily stress, stress and androgenic hormones (as assessed through biomarkers), and affect regulation. The central hypothesis, grounded in Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory5, and psychobiological models of stress, coping, and risk-taking,6-8 is that neighborhoods with high violence, alcohol, and drug activity instigate problematic substance use through increased daily stress experiences leading in turn to higher negative affect, and dysregulated cortisol and testosterone. Moreover, when these stress response processes occur in tandem with affect regulation strategies that encourage 'stuffing down' negative affect (i.e., emotion suppression), the effect on problematic substance use is expected to be heightened. The studies will employ a sample of non-substance dependent, Black emerging adult males (n = 66) drawn from Durham, NC neighborhoods (i.e., census block groups). A variety of assessment and analytic methods will be used including neighborhood social observations, Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA), salivary hormone biomarker analyses, and focus groups. Three specific aims will be examined in two complementary studies: 1) to use the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy) 9, and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data to examine associations between neighborhood violence, alcohol, and drug activity (VAOD) and daily problematic alcohol and marijuana use; 2) to investigate daily stress-affective mechanisms linking neighborhood VAOD to daily problematic alcohol and marijuana use; and 3) to develop tailored messages for a future ecological momentary intervention designed to modulate stress-affective processes in "real-time." Dr. Powell Hammond, who is trained in clinical psychology and health behavior and health education, and has focused her research career on using community-based approaches to investigate stress, gender, and health disparities, particularly among Black males. Training activities will include: formal didactics and hands-on instruction in conducting systemic social observations of neighborhoods, EMA, and salivary bioscience methods, workshops on tailored message development and ecological momentary intervention design, bioethics and responsible conduct in research training, and attendance at national and international conferences. She has assembled a strong interdisciplinary mentoring team that will guide her training and career development plans for building new skills in substance abuse research, neighborhood epidemiological assessment and social observational methods, ecological momentary assessment/intervention design, salivary biomarker measurement and data collection, and statistical methods for analyzing complex longitudinal models. The K01 award will increase her capabilities as an independent researcher to develop and test a fully powered ecological momentary intervention, as a separate R-level proposal. Results of the proposed research will also enhance current understanding of neighborhood effects on problematic substance use in Black males, inform development of ecologically valid addiction and relapse prevention interventions, and ultimately help to reduce substance use cross-over effects and substance abuse-related morbidity and mortality among Black emerging males.