The Role of Place on the Co-occurrence of ATOD Use and Violence Among Youth

描述(由申请人提供)：建议设立科学家职业发展指导奖(K01)，为我提供必要的培训和研究经验，以开发一项关注ATOD使用和年轻人中的暴力/攻击性行为的创新研究计划。我的研究和职业生涯的重点是生活在健康和社会差异很大的社区中的弱势青年群体。我的主要研究兴趣集中在预防ATOD使用和高危城市青少年和年轻人的暴力行为方面的弹性。这种研究兴趣源于我作为一名护理从业者在学校和社区诊所为青少年和年轻人服务的经验。到目前为止，我的研究项目侧重于青少年的健康发展和预防危险行为，特别是青少年暴力。我的长期目标是成为青年中ATOD使用和暴力/攻击性行为共存的独立调查者，以及原始因素在青年健康发展中的作用，特别是邻里背景(场所)内的原始因素。考虑到我的长期目标，我在五年获奖期内的培训和研究目标是：1)发展ATOD使用、ATOD使用与暴力行为之间的关系、以及它们伴随的个人和社区风险和原始因素的专业知识；2)扩展我的量化技能，以检查地点(社区)对青少年ATOD使用的影响以及ATOD使用与暴力/加班共存的情况；3)发展干预开发、评估和设计方面的技能；以及4)增进我对青少年干预研究的道德行为的了解，包括关于招募、数据收集、管理和安全以及干预的考虑。培训将包括：时空分析方面的研究生课程；干预措施开发和设计以及高级多层次建模方面的短期课程；关于青年使用ATOD、ATOD使用和暴力以及青少年使用物质对社区的影响的有指导的文献综述；参加物质使用的跨学科工作组和会议；指导学校和社区发展干预研究的伙伴关系并将研究结果转化为干预措施；以及三个有指导的研究项目。我将得到青少年发展、青少年物质使用、空间分析以及干预发展和实施方面的专家的指导。在发展生态学的指导下，我提出了两个次级数据分析项目和一个数据收集项目，以解决以下主要研究目标：1)考察ATOD使用和暴力/攻击性在城市青年中的共同发生；2)探索地点如何影响ATOD使用和暴力的共同发生；3)检查未来方位、地点和青少年期间ATOD使用和暴力共同发生的关系；以及4)制定干预措施和相关措施，将成为R21和未来RCT R01的基础。使用NIDA资助的纵向弗林特青少年研究(n=850，PI：Zimmerman)的数据，第一个项目将专注于ATOD使用和暴力行为随时间的轨迹，并将在城市青年样本中确定影响ATOD使用和暴力行为轨迹的社区特征。我将使用双轨迹增长曲线分析和交叉路径分析来探索14-32岁使用ATOD与暴力之间的关系。将使用多水平建模分析来确定影响ATOD使用和暴力同时发生的社区特征。第二个研究项目将使用全县学校调查(协调社区学生调查；C2S2)的数据；第二个研究项目将侧重于未来取向、地点以及ATOD使用和暴力行为共同发生之间的关系。我将使用多组多水平扫描电子显微镜(ML-SEM)来检验基于社区因素的未来取向与ATOD使用/暴力行为之间的关系的差异。第三项研究涉及对C2S2青少年(n=500名六年级学生)进行一项调查，以更深入地探讨ATOD使用和暴力行为的共生情况、未来取向及其与ATOD和暴力行为的关系，以及地点如何影响城市青少年的未来取向、ATOD使用和暴力行为。作为培训计划的一部分，将根据所获得的知识、技能和指导来确定措施、研究设计和分析。在研究项目2和3中，我将使用空间分析技术来研究基于地点的风险和原始因素对未来取向、青少年使用ATOD和暴力的影响。在拟议的项目中，我寻求确定与防止使用和暴力同时发生的ATOD使用和暴力相关的基于地点的资产和资源，并促进未来方向的发展。在与学校/社区合作伙伴的合作下，我将利用这些发现来制定一项干预措施，重点是在第四年促进青少年健康发展，减少ATOD的使用和暴力行为，我将在第五年提交一份R21来测试这一干预措施。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Proposed is a Mentored Scientist Career Development Award (K01) that provides me the training and research experience necessary to develop an innovative research program focused on ATOD use and violent/aggressive behavior among youth. My research and professional career have focused on vulnerable populations of young people living in communities characterized by substantial health and social disparities. My primary research interest focuses on resiliency in the prevention of ATOD use and violent behavior among at-risk urban adolescents and young adults. This research interest stems from my experience as a Nurse Practitioner in school-based and community-based clinics with adolescents and young adults. To date, my program of research has focused on the healthy development of adolescents and prevention of risk behaviors, particularly youth violence. My long-term goal is to become an independent investigator in the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violent/aggressive behavior among youth, and the role of primitive factors in the healthy development of youth, specifically primitive factors within the neighborhood context (place). With my long- term goal in mind, my training and research objectives for the five-year award period are: 1) To develop expertise in ATOD use, the relationship between ATOD use and violent behavior, and their concomitant individual and neighborhood risk and primitive factors; 2) To expand my quantitative skills to examine for the effect of place (neighborhood) on adolescent ATOD use and the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence/aggression overtime; 3) To develop skills in intervention development, evaluation, and design; and 4) To advance my knowledge of the ethical conduct of intervention research with adolescents, including considerations regarding recruitment, data collection, management and security, and intervention. Training will include: graduate coursework in spatial-temporal analysis; short courses in intervention development and design and advanced multilevel modeling; mentored literature reviews on youth ATOD use, ATOD use and violence, and neighborhood effects of substance use among youth; participation in substance use interdisciplinary workgroups and meetings; mentorship in developing school and community partnerships for intervention research and translating research findings into interventions; and three mentored research projects. I will be mentored by experts in adolescent development, adolescent substance use, spatial analysis, and intervention development and implementation. Guided by a developmental-ecological perspective, I have proposed two secondary data analysis projects and one data collection project to address the following overarching research aims: 1) To examine the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence/aggression among urban youth; 2) To explore how place influences the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence; 3) To examine the relationship between future orientation, place, and the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence during adolescence; and 4) To develop an intervention and relevant measures that will be the basis for an R21 and future RCT R01. Using data from the NIDA-funded longitudinal Flint Adolescent Study (n = 850, PI: Zimmerman), the first project will focus on the trajectories of ATOD use and violent behavior over time, and will identify neighborhood characteristics that influence trajectories of ATOD use and violent behavior in a sample of urban youth. I will use dual trajectory growth curve analysis and cross-legged path analyses to explore the relationship between ATOD use and violence from age 14-32. Multilevel modeling analyses will be used to identify neighborhood characteristics that influence the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence. Using data from a county-wide school based survey (Coordinated Community Student Survey; C2S2); the second research project will focus on the relationship between future orientation, place, and the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violent behavior. I will use multi-group, multilevel SEM (ML-SEM) to examine differences in the relationship between future orientation and ATOD use/violent behavior based on neighborhood factors. The third study involves conducting a survey with a subsample of C2S2 youth (n = 500 6th grade students) for a more in-depth exploration of the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violent behavior, future orientation and its relationship to ATOD and violent behavior, and how place influence future orientation and ATOD use and violent behavior in a sample of urban youth. Measures, study design, and analyses will be determined based on knowledge, skills, and mentoring received as part of the training plan. In research projects 2 and 3, I will use spatial analytic techniques to examine the effects of place-based risk and primitive factors on future orientation, youth ATOD use and violence. In the proposed projects, I seek to identify place-based assets and resources that are associated with preventing the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence and promote the development of future orientation. In collaboration with school/community partners, I will use these findings to develop an intervention focused on promoting health youth development and reducing ATOD use and violent behavior during year 4, and I will submit an R21 to test this intervention during year 5.