The Role of Place on the Co-occurrence of ATOD Use and Violence Among Youth

描述（由申请人提供）：建议获得指导科学家职业发展奖（K01），为我提供必要的培训和研究经验，以开发一个创新的研究项目，重点关注青少年中吸毒和暴力/攻击行为。我的研究和职业生涯一直集中在弱势群体的年轻人生活在社区的特点是巨大的健康和社会差距。我的主要研究兴趣集中在在危险的城市青少年和年轻人中预防ATOD使用和暴力行为的弹性。这个研究兴趣源于我在学校和社区诊所为青少年和年轻人提供护理的经验。到目前为止，我的研究项目主要集中在青少年的健康发展和危险行为的预防，特别是青少年暴力。我的长期目标是成为青少年中ATOD使用与暴力/攻击行为共同发生的独立研究者，以及原始因素在青少年健康发展中的作用，特别是邻里环境（场所）中的原始因素。从我的长期目标来看，我在五年的奖励期内的培训和研究目标是：1)发展ATOD使用，ATOD使用与暴力行为的关系，及其伴随的个人和社区风险和原始因素的专业知识；2)扩展我的定量技能，以检验地点（社区）对青少年吸毒成瘾的影响，以及吸毒成瘾与暴力/攻击行为的共现性；3)培养干预措施开发、评估和设计的技能；4)提高我对青少年干预研究的伦理行为的认识，包括招募、数据收集、管理和安全以及干预方面的考虑。培训将包括：时空分析的研究生课程；干预开发与设计及高级多层次建模短期课程；青少年吸毒、吸毒与暴力、青少年吸毒的邻里效应等方面的指导文献综述；参加药物使用跨学科工作组和会议；在发展学校和社区的干预研究伙伴关系方面提供指导，并将研究成果转化为干预措施；还有三个指导的研究项目。我将接受青少年发展、青少年物质使用、空间分析以及干预发展和实施方面的专家的指导。在发展生态学视角的指导下，我提出了两个二级数据分析项目和一个数据收集项目，以解决以下总体研究目标：1)研究城市青年中ATOD使用和暴力/攻击的共同发生；2)探讨地点对吸毒与暴力共现的影响；3)探讨青少年吸毒和暴力行为的未来倾向、地点与同时发生的关系；4)制定干预措施及相关措施，为R21及后续RCT R01的制定奠定基础。利用nida资助的纵向弗林特青少年研究（n = 850, PI: Zimmerman）的数据，第一个项目将重点关注ATOD使用和暴力行为随时间的轨迹，并将确定影响城市青年样本中ATOD使用和暴力行为轨迹的社区特征。我将使用双轨迹成长曲线分析和盘腿路径分析来探索14-32岁间吸毒与暴力之间的关系。多层模型分析将用于确定影响ATOD使用和暴力同时发生的社区特征。使用来自全县学校调查的数据（协调社区学生调查；C2S2）；第二个研究项目将侧重于未来取向、地点与ATOD使用与暴力行为共现的关系。我将使用多组、多层次扫描电镜（ML-SEM）来研究基于邻里因素的未来取向与ATOD使用/暴力行为之间关系的差异。第三项研究以C2S2青年（n = 500名六年级学生）为子样本进行调查，更深入地探讨了城市青年样本中ATOD使用与暴力行为的共现性、未来取向及其与ATOD和暴力行为的关系，以及地点如何影响未来取向、ATOD使用与暴力行为。测量、研究设计和分析将根据作为培训计划一部分的知识、技能和指导来确定。在研究项目2和3中，我将使用空间分析技术来研究基于地点的风险和原始因素对未来取向、青少年吸毒和暴力的影响。在拟议的项目中，我试图确定与预防ATOD使用和暴力同时发生有关的基于地点的资产和资源，并促进未来方向的发展。在与学校/社区合作伙伴的合作中，我将利用这些发现制定一项干预措施，重点是在四年级期间促进青少年健康发展，减少ATOD的使用和暴力行为，我将在五年级期间提交R21来测试这种干预措施。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Proposed is a Mentored Scientist Career Development Award (K01) that provides me the training and research experience necessary to develop an innovative research program focused on ATOD use and violent/aggressive behavior among youth. My research and professional career have focused on vulnerable populations of young people living in communities characterized by substantial health and social disparities. My primary research interest focuses on resiliency in the prevention of ATOD use and violent behavior among at-risk urban adolescents and young adults. This research interest stems from my experience as a Nurse Practitioner in school-based and community-based clinics with adolescents and young adults. To date, my program of research has focused on the healthy development of adolescents and prevention of risk behaviors, particularly youth violence. My long-term goal is to become an independent investigator in the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violent/aggressive behavior among youth, and the role of primitive factors in the healthy development of youth, specifically primitive factors within the neighborhood context (place). With my long- term goal in mind, my training and research objectives for the five-year award period are: 1) To develop expertise in ATOD use, the relationship between ATOD use and violent behavior, and their concomitant individual and neighborhood risk and primitive factors; 2) To expand my quantitative skills to examine for the effect of place (neighborhood) on adolescent ATOD use and the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence/aggression overtime; 3) To develop skills in intervention development, evaluation, and design; and 4) To advance my knowledge of the ethical conduct of intervention research with adolescents, including considerations regarding recruitment, data collection, management and security, and intervention. Training will include: graduate coursework in spatial-temporal analysis; short courses in intervention development and design and advanced multilevel modeling; mentored literature reviews on youth ATOD use, ATOD use and violence, and neighborhood effects of substance use among youth; participation in substance use interdisciplinary workgroups and meetings; mentorship in developing school and community partnerships for intervention research and translating research findings into interventions; and three mentored research projects. I will be mentored by experts in adolescent development, adolescent substance use, spatial analysis, and intervention development and implementation. Guided by a developmental-ecological perspective, I have proposed two secondary data analysis projects and one data collection project to address the following overarching research aims: 1) To examine the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence/aggression among urban youth; 2) To explore how place influences the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence; 3) To examine the relationship between future orientation, place, and the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence during adolescence; and 4) To develop an intervention and relevant measures that will be the basis for an R21 and future RCT R01. Using data from the NIDA-funded longitudinal Flint Adolescent Study (n = 850, PI: Zimmerman), the first project will focus on the trajectories of ATOD use and violent behavior over time, and will identify neighborhood characteristics that influence trajectories of ATOD use and violent behavior in a sample of urban youth. I will use dual trajectory growth curve analysis and cross-legged path analyses to explore the relationship between ATOD use and violence from age 14-32. Multilevel modeling analyses will be used to identify neighborhood characteristics that influence the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence. Using data from a county-wide school based survey (Coordinated Community Student Survey; C2S2); the second research project will focus on the relationship between future orientation, place, and the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violent behavior. I will use multi-group, multilevel SEM (ML-SEM) to examine differences in the relationship between future orientation and ATOD use/violent behavior based on neighborhood factors. The third study involves conducting a survey with a subsample of C2S2 youth (n = 500 6th grade students) for a more in-depth exploration of the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violent behavior, future orientation and its relationship to ATOD and violent behavior, and how place influence future orientation and ATOD use and violent behavior in a sample of urban youth. Measures, study design, and analyses will be determined based on knowledge, skills, and mentoring received as part of the training plan. In research projects 2 and 3, I will use spatial analytic techniques to examine the effects of place-based risk and primitive factors on future orientation, youth ATOD use and violence. In the proposed projects, I seek to identify place-based assets and resources that are associated with preventing the co-occurrence of ATOD use and violence and promote the development of future orientation. In collaboration with school/community partners, I will use these findings to develop an intervention focused on promoting health youth development and reducing ATOD use and violent behavior during year 4, and I will submit an R21 to test this intervention during year 5.