Spatio-temporal models of allergenic pollen for human exposure and health investigations

4.4.7：项目总结 花粉过敏困扰着超过3500万美国人，治疗这些花粉过敏的经济成本 过敏每年超过120亿美元。对人类健康的影响是相当大的 因为花粉暴露也会增加患哮喘的风险， 哮喘发作尽管这些公共卫生问题的重要性，城市地区充满了 与产生过敏性花粉的植物，其中许多是故意种植的。这 可预防的情况是由于缺乏以下方面的知识造成的：1）花粉生产和 从单个植物的传播导致空气中变应原花粉的异质性 小空间尺度上的浓度（例如，（2）（3）（4）（5）（6）（7）（8）（10）（ 暴露于过敏性花粉是引发哮喘发作和其他 呼吸道症状这个项目的目标是量化这些过程，并显示如何 产生过敏性花粉的植物影响人类健康。本研究的主要组成部分 包括以下步骤： ·利用花粉采样描述花粉产生和空间扩散模式 田间试验以挪威槭（Acer platanoides）、白色桑葚（Morus alba） 博克斯埃（Acer negundo）和豚草（Ambrosia artemisiifolia）; ·创建空气传播花粉浓度的空间显式模型，作为 植物组成使用一个全面的行道树数据库; ·将时间维度添加到空间花粉计数预测，使用 气象数据，每日花粉计数数据从国家过敏局花粉 计数站和一个小型公民科学植物物候监测方案; ·将花粉暴露与健康影响联系起来，包括哮喘发作和呼吸道疾病 症状，使用现有的数据集收集的研究领域，底特律，MI。这些包括 从地理编码的医疗补助索赔数据中提取的呼吸相关医院就诊， 队列研究跟踪了255名儿童的呼吸系统健康状况超过12个月。 了解特定植物对城市地区花粉浓度的贡献， 将允许土地所有者，市政当局和其他人积极管理植物组成， 减少过敏性花粉暴露及其对健康的影响。这些转化的好处是 特别是在高度植被和“萎缩”的城市，如底特律，其中大 空置区域为过敏性植物提供了栖息地，这可能会加剧健康差异。

4.4.7: Project Summary Pollen allergies afflict over 35 million Americans, and the economic cost of treating these allergies exceeds 12 billion dollars annually. The effects on human health are considerable because pollen exposure also increases the risk of developing asthma and can trigger fatal asthma attacks. Despite the importance of these public health concerns, urban areas are filled with plants that produce allergenic pollen, many of which are intentionally cultivated. This preventable situation is caused by a lack of knowledge concerning: 1) how pollen production and dispersal from individual plants leads to heterogeneity in airborne allergenic pollen concentrations on small spatial scales (e.g., tens to hundreds of meters); and 2) the extent to which exposure to allergenic pollen is responsible for triggering asthma attacks and other respiratory symptoms. This project's objective is to quantify these processes and show how allergenic pollen producing plants affect human health. The main components of this research include: • Characterizing pollen production and spatial dispersal patterns using a pollen sampling field study focused on Norway maple (Acer platanoides), white mulberry (Morus alba), box elder (Acer negundo), and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia); • Creating a spatially explicit model of airborne pollen concentrations as a function of plant composition using a comprehensive street tree database; • Adding a temporal dimension to the spatial pollen count predictions using meteorological data, daily pollen count data from a National Allergy Bureau pollen counting station, and a small citizen science plant phenology monitoring program; and • Linking pollen exposure to health effects including asthma attacks and respiratory symptoms, using existing datasets collected in the study area, Detroit, MI. These include respiratory related hospital visits extracted from geocoded Medicaid claims data and cohort studies that tracked 255 children's respiratory health for >12 months. Understanding the contribution of particular plants to pollen concentrations in urban areas has will allow land owners, municipalities and others to actively manage plant composition to reduce allergenic pollen exposure and its health effects. These translational benefits are especially important in both highly vegetated and "shrinking" cities, such as Detroit, where large vacant areas are providing habitat for allergenic plants that likely exacerbate health disparities.