Spatio-temporal models of allergenic pollen for human exposure and health investigations

4.4.7：项目总结 花粉过敏困扰着3500多万美国人，以及治疗这些疾病的经济成本 每年的过敏症超过120亿美元。对人类健康的影响是相当大的。 因为接触花粉还会增加患哮喘的风险，并可能引发致命的 哮喘发作。尽管这些公共卫生问题很重要，但城市地区却挤满了人 产生过敏性花粉的植物，其中许多是故意培育的。这 可预防的情况是由于缺乏关于以下方面的知识：1)如何产生花粉和 从单个植物中传播导致空气中致敏原花粉的异质性 在小空间尺度(例如，几十米到数百米)上的浓度；和2) 接触致敏原花粉会引发哮喘发作和其他 呼吸道症状。该项目的目标是量化这些过程并展示如何 产生过敏性花粉的植物影响人类健康。这项研究的主要组成部分 包括： ·利用花粉取样描述花粉产生和空间传播模式 野外研究主要集中在挪威枫树(枫树)、白桑(桑树)、 海棠(Acer Negundo)、豚草(Ambrosia Artemisiifolia)； ·创建空气中花粉浓度的空间显式模型 使用综合行道树数据库的植物组成； ·将时间维度添加到空间花粉计数预测中 气象数据，每日花粉计数数据来自国家过敏局花粉 计数站，以及小型公民科学植物物候监测计划；以及 ·将接触花粉与健康影响联系起来，包括哮喘发作和呼吸道疾病 症状，使用在密歇根州底特律的研究地区收集的现有数据集。这些措施包括 从地理编码的医疗补助索赔数据中提取的与呼吸相关的医院就诊次数和 队列研究跟踪了255名儿童12个月的呼吸道健康状况。 了解特定植物对城市地区花粉浓度的贡献 将允许土地所有者、市政当局和其他人积极管理工厂组成，以 减少过敏性花粉接触及其对健康的影响。这些翻译方面的好处是 尤其是在植被茂盛和不断缩小的城市，如底特律，那里的 空置地区正在为可能加剧健康差距的过敏性植物提供栖息地。

4.4.7: Project Summary Pollen allergies afflict over 35 million Americans, and the economic cost of treating these allergies exceeds 12 billion dollars annually. The effects on human health are considerable because pollen exposure also increases the risk of developing asthma and can trigger fatal asthma attacks. Despite the importance of these public health concerns, urban areas are filled with plants that produce allergenic pollen, many of which are intentionally cultivated. This preventable situation is caused by a lack of knowledge concerning: 1) how pollen production and dispersal from individual plants leads to heterogeneity in airborne allergenic pollen concentrations on small spatial scales (e.g., tens to hundreds of meters); and 2) the extent to which exposure to allergenic pollen is responsible for triggering asthma attacks and other respiratory symptoms. This project's objective is to quantify these processes and show how allergenic pollen producing plants affect human health. The main components of this research include: • Characterizing pollen production and spatial dispersal patterns using a pollen sampling field study focused on Norway maple (Acer platanoides), white mulberry (Morus alba), box elder (Acer negundo), and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia); • Creating a spatially explicit model of airborne pollen concentrations as a function of plant composition using a comprehensive street tree database; • Adding a temporal dimension to the spatial pollen count predictions using meteorological data, daily pollen count data from a National Allergy Bureau pollen counting station, and a small citizen science plant phenology monitoring program; and • Linking pollen exposure to health effects including asthma attacks and respiratory symptoms, using existing datasets collected in the study area, Detroit, MI. These include respiratory related hospital visits extracted from geocoded Medicaid claims data and cohort studies that tracked 255 children's respiratory health for >12 months. Understanding the contribution of particular plants to pollen concentrations in urban areas has will allow land owners, municipalities and others to actively manage plant composition to reduce allergenic pollen exposure and its health effects. These translational benefits are especially important in both highly vegetated and "shrinking" cities, such as Detroit, where large vacant areas are providing habitat for allergenic plants that likely exacerbate health disparities.