A Multilevel Analysis of Partner Violence

 描述(申请人提供)：在全球范围内，关于亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)的研究是基于女性报告的暴露，对男性实施暴力的决定因素知之甚少。在较贫穷的环境中，新的证据表明，童年经历和当地的性别规范可能协同影响男性的犯罪风险，但这些风险因素尚未被一起研究。在像孟加拉国这样的历史上的父权制环境中，资深男性关于性别关系中的不平等和对女性的暴力行为的规范，可能会影响地位较低的社区成员的规范，包括年轻男性。与较年长的男性相比，年轻男性更有可能在婚姻中建立行为模式，他们的行为，包括实施IPV，可能更容易改变。目标。利用孟加拉国男性人口调查的数据，我们将开发和测试一种新的老年男性社区层面性别规范的衡量模型。我们将在多层次分析中使用这一措施，以探索在支持性别平等和不支持暴力侵害女性的老年男性中生活在当地规范中是否直接和/或通过缓冲年轻男性在童年时期接触暴力的影响，降低了在年轻男性中实施身体IPV的风险。数据。样本包括961名35-49岁的老年男子和564名18-34岁的已婚男子，他们居住在50个城市和65个农村社区，他们参加了孟加拉国男子对性别和暴力侵害妇女的态度和做法的调查。方法：研究方法。我们将使用三级项目反应理论(IRT)方法来探索和提炼老年男性社区层面的性别常模测量，包括对测量的维度、信度、跨城乡社区的测量不变性和社区内异质性的评估。我们将使用多水平Logistic回归来评估(1)社区性别规范与年轻已婚男子实施任何前一年身体感染的概率之间的关系，以及(2)年轻男性童年时暴露于暴力与他最近实施身体感染的可能性之间的关联是否取决于社区层面的性别规范。敏感度分析将检验这些发现的稳健性。创新。在全球范围内，缺乏以下方面的研究：(1)男子实施的两性平等和(2)使用先进方法衡量男子的社区一级的性别规范。因此，人们对社区一级的性别规范(通过这种衡量模型制定)与青年男子实施IPV的联系知之甚少，直接和通过缓冲儿童遭受暴力的潜在不利影响来实现。这些数据为探索这些未被充分研究的关系提供了难得的机会。我们新的分析策略将推进男性社区性别规范和男性IPV行为的多层次决定因素的研究领域。我们的结果将为国家政策和社区计划提供参考，以减少孟加拉国男性实施IPV的行为，并对类似环境下的研究和政策产生影响。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Globally, research on intimate partner violence (IPV) is based on women's reported exposure, with little known about the determinants of men's perpetration. Nascent evidence in poorer settings suggests that childhood experiences and local gender norms may synergistically influence men's risks of perpetration, but these risk factors have not been studied together. In historically patriarchal settings like Bangladesh, norms among senior men about equity-inequity in gender relations and violence against women may influence those of lower-status community members, including younger men. Compared to more senior men, younger men are more likely to be establishing patterns of behavior in marriage, and their behaviors, including the perpetration of IPV, may be more amenable to change. AIMS. Using data from a population- based survey of men in Bangladesh, we will develop and test a novel measurement model for senior men's community-level gender norms. We will use this measure in a multilevel analysis to explore whether living amidst local norms among senior men favoring gender equity and disfavoring violence against women lowers the risk of perpetrating physical IPV among younger men, either directly, and/or by buffering the influence of younger men's exposure to violence in childhood. DATA. The sample includes 961 senior men 35-49 years (y) and 564 ever-married men 18-34 y nested in 50 urban and 65 rural communities who took part in the survey of Men's Attitudes and Practices Regarding Gender and Violence Against Women in Bangladesh. METHODS. We will use 3-level item response theory (IRT) methods to explore and refine the measurement of community- level gender norms among senior men, including an assessment of the measure's dimensionality, reliability, measurement invariance across urban and rural communities, and within-community heterogeneity. We will use multilevel logistic regression to assess (1) the relationship between community gender norms and a younger ever-married man's probability of perpetrating any prior-year physical IPV and (2) whether the association of a younger man's exposure to violence in childhood with his probability of perpetrating recent physical IPV depends on community-level gender norms. Sensitivity analyses will test the robustness of the findings. INNOVATION. Globally, research is lacking on (1) men's perpetration of IPV and (2) the measurement of community-level gender norms among men using advanced methods. Thus, little is known about the associations of community-level gender norms (developed through such measurement models) with younger men's perpetration of IPV, directly and by buffering the potentially adverse influence of childhood exposure to violence. These data offer a rare occasion to explore these understudied relationships. Our novel analytic strategy will advance the fields of study on community gender norms among men and the multilevel determinants of men's IPV perpetration. Our results will inform national policies and community programs to reduce men's perpetration of IPV in Bangladesh, with implications for research and policy in similar settings.