Infant Brain and Behavioral Signatures of Later Emerging Risk for Psychopathology

描述（由申请人提供）：婴儿大脑和行为特征的后期出现的精神病理学风险很少有人知道的轨迹，大脑和行为发展在婴儿期，预期和预测临床损害模式的功能 在学龄前观察。学龄前儿童中精神病理学的患病率，结合各种疾病中常见的初始化病理生理事件的可能性，集中强调婴儿和幼儿时期是唯一适合识别预期后来出现的精神病理学的大脑和行为发育的非典型轨迹的时期。在这段时间内偏离规范发展模式的特征轨迹可能会阐明精神疾病的因果机制，随后可以针对战略干预/预防的机制。拟议的研究将结合联合收割机国家的最先进的神经成像技术开发的人类连接组项目与发展的方法，以NIMH研究领域标准的倡议。将在3 - 15月龄期间进行4次纵向脑成像（sMRI/DWI/fcMRI）和行为评估（选择与后期出现的精神病理学相关，并通过直接评估、父母报告和最先进的眼动追踪程序获得），在24月龄时进行第5次评估。在30 - 36月龄之间的最终第6次评估期间，将对临床相关行为的维度进行表征。拟议的研究的贡献，预计将是一个全面的纵向大脑发育的表征在生命的第一年，再加上纵向表征的行为结构选择其相关性，后来出现的精神病理学。这一贡献将是重要的，因为所获得的经验数据将锚一个新的范式的调查到发展过程中，暂时出现的临床损害模式的功能，增强未来的努力集中在战略预防精神疾病。跨学科的综合方法，临床神经科学或生物精神病学从发展的角度来看，代表了一个创新的出发，旨在表征DSM定义的疾病的神经签名检查后，最初的病理生理事件年的努力。更具体地说，将神经回路发育的轨迹映射到行为结构，这些行为结构是根据它们与后来出现的精神病理学的相关性而专门选择的（Elison等人，2013 a; Elison等人，2013年b）强调了RDoC倡议的一种新的发展方法。事实上，这些映射将在临床损害功能模式的表现之前表征，并将用于预测随后出现的临床相关行为。表征后来出现的精神病理学的发育特征有可能改变精神和神经发育障碍的早期识别和早期干预/预防的前景。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Infant Brain and Behavioral Signatures of Later Emerging Risk for Psychopathology Little is known about the trajectories of brain and behavioral development during infancy that anticipate and predict clinically impairing patterns of functioning observed during the preschool years. The prevalence of psychiatric symptomatology in preschool-aged children, combined with the possibility of common initializing pathophysiological events shared across various disorders, converge to highlight the infant and toddler period as uniquely suited for identifying atypical trajectories of brain and behavioral development that anticipate later emerging psychopathology. Characterizing trajectories that deviate from normative patterns of development during this time period may elucidate causal mechanisms of mental illness, mechanisms that subsequently could be targeted for strategic intervention/prevention. The proposed research will combine state-of-the-art neuroimaging technologies developed by the Human Connectome Project with a developmental approach to the NIMH Research Domain Criteria initiative. Longitudinal brain imaging (sMRI/DWI/fcMRI) and behavioral assessment (selected for relevance to later emerging psychopathology and acquired via direct assessment, parent report, and state-of-the art eye tracking procedures) will be conducted on 4 occasions between 3 and 15 months with a 5th assessment at 24 months of age. Dimensional aspects of clinically relevant behaviors will be characterized during a final 6th assessment between 30 and 36 months of age. The contribution of the proposed research is expected to be a comprehensive characterization of longitudinal brain development in the first years of life, coupled with a longitudinal characterization of behavioral constructs selected for their relevance to later emerging psychopathology. This contribution will be significant because the empirical data acquired will anchor a new paradigm of inquiry into the developmental processes that temporally precede the emergence of clinically impairing patterns of functioning, augmenting future efforts focused on strategic prevention of mental illness. The interdisciplinary synthesis that approaches clinical neuroscience or biological psychiatry from a developmental perspective represents an innovative departure from efforts designed to characterize neural signatures of DSM defined disorders examined years after the incipient pathophysiological events. More specifically, mapping trajectories of neural circuit development to behavioral constructs specifically selected for their relevance to later emerging psychopathology (Elison et al., 2013a; Elison et al., 2013b) highlights a novel developmental approach to the RDoC initiative. Indeed, these mappings will be characterized prior to the manifestation of clinically impairing patterns of functioning, and will be used to predict later emerging clinically relevant behaviors. Characterizing developmental signatures of later emerging psychopathology has the potential to alter the landscape of early identification and early intervention/prevention of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.