Flaxseed effects on hormones and lignans: role of race, genes, and gut microbiome

描述（由申请人提供）：木脂素是植物雌激素，由于其与内源性雌激素的结构和功能相似，已将其作为乳腺癌病因学中的饮食因素进行了相当广泛的研究。在解释饮食暴露与随后的疾病风险之间的关联时，代谢的个体差异是至关重要的，并且可能部分解释饮食和乳腺癌研究中的不一致性。事实上，越来越多的证据支持这样的假设，即膳食组分（例如木脂素）的作用对于在膳食组分的代谢和/或非膳食代谢靶标的代谢中涉及的基因中具有特定变异的个体而言可以有差异地表达。此外，为了具有生理活性，植物木脂素需要通过哺乳动物肠道细菌转化。这些细菌数量众多，种类繁多，对膳食成分的代谢至关重要;因此，肠道细菌组成正成为检查的目标，作为膳食暴露的重要贡献者和调节剂。最后，种族也可能是一个重要的影响因素，因为种族的概念包括遗传多样性，微生物多样性和生活方式因素，包括饮食。本研究的目的是确定 肠道微生物群落组成和类固醇激素和异生物质代谢基因的变化如何影响哺乳动物木脂素和类固醇激素在基线和暴露于富含木脂素的食物（亚麻籽）后的代谢，以及这些协会如何区别于非裔美国人和高加索妇女。事实上，人类是一个具有不同遗传背景的超级有机体，这种遗传背景被不同的代谢活跃的细菌群落所增强，其组成可以通过特定的饮食暴露来改变。我们的中心假设是，对饮食成分的代谢反应是由个体的遗传组成和该个体肠道细菌群落的特定组成的综合影响引起的。阐明肠道微生物组，宿主遗传学和饮食之间的相互作用将对改进有针对性的饮食干预措施以降低癌症风险产生积极影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Lignans are phytoestrogens which have been studied fairly extensively as dietary factors in breast cancer etiology due to structural and functional similarities to endogenous estrogens. Individual variation in metabolism is critical to consider when interpreting associations between dietary exposures and subsequent disease risk, and may partly explain inconsistencies in studies of diet and breast cancer. In fact, accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the effect of a dietary component, e.g. lignans, may be expressed differentially for individuals possessing specific variation in genes involved either in the metabolism of the dietary component and/or that of the non-dietary metabolic target. Also, to become physiologically active, plant lignans require transformation by the mammalian gut bacteria. These bacteria are numerous, diverse, and essential to the metabolism of dietary components; thus, gut bacterial composition is becoming a target for examination as an important contributor to and modifier of dietary exposures. Finally, race may also be an important effect modifier, as the concept of race incorporates genetic diversity, microbial diversity, and lifestyle factors including diet. The objective in the present study is to determine how variation in gut microbial community composition and in steroid hormone and xenobiotic metabolizing genes affects the metabolism of mammalian lignans and steroid hormones at baseline and after exposure to a lignan-rich food (flaxseed), and how these associations differ for African American and Caucasian women. Humans are, in fact, superorganisms with a diverse genetic background that is augmented by diverse and metabolically active bacterial communities, the composition of which can be modified by specific dietary exposures. Our central hypothesis is that the metabolic response to a dietary component results from the combined effects of an individual's genetic makeup and the particular composition of that individual's gut bacterial communities. Elucidation of interactions between the gut microbiome, host genetics, and diet will have a positive impact on development of improved targeted dietary interventions to reduce cancer risk.