Cognitive effort and capacity in visual working memory development

视觉工作记忆发展中的认知努力和能力

• 批准号: 9022802
• 负责人: Zsuzsanna Kaldy
• 金额: $ 45.75万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-18 至 2018-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9022802
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Adult; Affect; Age; Age-Months; Area; Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Behavioral; Binding; Boston; Breathing; Calibration; Characteristics; Child; Child Development; Cognition; Cognitive; Cognitive Science; Computers; Data; Development; Early Diagnosis; Early Intervention; Eating; Education; Environment; Eye; Face; Genetic Risk; Health; Individual; Individual Differences; Infant; Learning; Life; Literature; Location; Longitudinal Studies; Maintenance; Measurement; Measures; Memory; Mentorship; Methods; Mission; Modeling; Modification; Neurodevelopmental Disorder; Non-traditional Students; Participant; Performance; Plant Roots; Play; Population; Process; Publishing; Research; Research Assistant; Research Personnel; Resolution; Resources; Retrieval; Sampling; Short-Term Memory; Specific qualifier value; Stimulus; Students; Testing; Time; Toddler; Training; Translational Research; Universities; Visual; Visual attention; Williams Syndrome; Work; academic minor; age group; base; cognitive function; flexibility; graduate school preparation; improved; infancy; innovation; mild cognitive impairment; neglect; novel; peer; public health relevance; social; standard measure; stem; trend; undergraduate research; virtual; vision development; visual learning; visual search

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Visual Working Memory (VWM) for objects and their locations underlies the ability to represent, learn, and reason about the visual environment. Tracking the development of VWM for 'object- location bindings' is required to understand scene memory, visual search, and the development of object cognition in general. While it is known that performance in VWM tasks increases with development, it is still undetermined what mechanism actually develops. Our paradigm will probe the attention/VWM interface, specifying the relative contribution of the development of VWM capacity per se, versus the development of focused attention (recent advances in pupillometry allow for the online measurement of this heretofore neglected factor - a factor capable of modulating the effective capacity of VWM from zero to maximal level). Our preliminary work shows that both processes undergo rapid maturation and they both are powerful contributors to overall VWM performance. Here we introduce Delayed Match Retrieval (DMR), a formal, extensible paradigm that requires participants to actively apply 'what is where' information. Our paradigm has several innovations to address challenges that may have stymied previous developmental research in this area: 1) VWM tests can be used with both infants and toddlers, enabling the tracking of developmental trends, 2) stimuli are calibrated to allow for fair comparisons between age groups and features, 3) capacity is assessed with standard measures (Cowan's K), and 4) pupillometry is used to measure the modulatory effect of focused attention on VWM on a trial-by-trial basis. Put together, we will track the development of the attention/VWM interface across the first two years of life cross-sectionally (in 10-, 14- and 22-month-olds) and within individuals in a longitudinal study (given that individual differences in VWM capacity have a remarkable stability in older children and performance in VWM tasks highly correlate with non-verbal IQ in both children and adults). VWM development is a competition between the maturation of attention and underlying capacity; we predict capacity gains will outpace gains in the control of focused attention. We also predict that developmental trends for individuals in our longitudinal study will be stable and have a consistent relationship to the group trend. Our paradigm is also well-suited for systematic comparisons between typically and atypically developing children, or infants born with a high genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, OCD). Beyond this, we anticipate a broader impact on translational research, as VWM is impaired in various conditions (e.g. Mild Cognitive Impairment, Williams Syndrome), while attentional processes are affected in others (e.g. ASD).

 描述（由申请人提供）：对象及其位置的视觉工作记忆（VWM）是表征、学习和推理视觉环境的能力的基础。追踪“物体-位置绑定”的VWM的发展是理解场景记忆、视觉搜索和物体认知发展所必需的。虽然它是已知的，在VWM任务的性能增加与发展，它仍然是不确定的机制，实际上发展。我们的范例将探测注意力/VWM接口，指定VWM容量本身的发展的相对贡献，与集中注意力的发展（瞳孔测量的最新进展允许在线测量这个迄今被忽视的因素-一个因素能够调制的有效容量的VWM从零到最大水平）。我们的初步工作表明，这两个过程都经历了快速成熟，他们都是强大的贡献者整体VWM性能。在这里，我们介绍延迟匹配检索（DMR），一个正式的，可扩展的范例，要求参与者积极应用“什么是在哪里”的信息。我们的范式有几个创新，以解决可能阻碍这一领域以前的发展研究的挑战：1）VWM测试可用于婴儿和幼儿，从而能够跟踪发育趋势，2）刺激被校准以允许年龄组和特征之间的公平比较，3）使用标准测量评估能力（科万氏K），以及4）瞳孔测量法用于在逐个试验的基础上测量集中注意对VWM的调节作用。总之，我们将跟踪的注意力/VWM接口的发展，在生命的前两年的横截面（在10个月，14个月和22个月大），并在个人的纵向研究（考虑到VWM能力的个体差异有一个显着的稳定性，在年龄较大的儿童和VWM任务的表现高度相关的非语言智商在儿童和成人）。VWM的发展是注意和潜在能力成熟之间的竞争，我们预测能力的增长将超过集中注意控制的增长。我们还预测，在我们的纵向研究中，个体的发展趋势将是稳定的， 与群体趋势有一致的关系。我们的范式也非常适合于典型和发育不良儿童之间的系统比较，或出生时具有神经发育障碍（ADHD，OCD）高遗传风险的婴儿。除此之外，我们预计对翻译研究产生更广泛的影响，因为VWM在各种情况下受损（例如轻度认知障碍，威廉姆斯综合征），而注意力过程在其他情况下受到影响（例如ASD）。