The processing and learning of pitch in speech

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This research investigates how pitch is processed in the brain, and how its neural organization may be affected by learning and experience in language processing. Pitch in language may convey linguistic contrasts such as lexical tone or stress, or grammatical or paralinguistic information such as intonation.  As the acoustic basis for perceived pitch is essentially the same, regardless if an event is language or music, a fundamental debate thus arises as to whether pitch processing in language is dependent on its linguistic function or determined by acoustic properties. Our research makes use of four languages which all use pitch for intonation but differ in their linguistic use of tone, offering an ideal testing ground for a systematic investigation of pitch processing. Specifically, we examine the processing and learning of Mandarin tone and intonation by nonnative listeners with different experience with linguistic use of pitch in their native languages (English, Norwegian and Cantonese) and nonlinguistic use of pitch (musicians versus nonmusicians). Participants include children as well as adults, examining the plasticity of the human brain with respect to age and experience in pitch learning.  In a series of experiments, nonnative Mandarin listeners are trained to perceive either linguistic or non-linguistic aspects of pitch in Mandarin tone. Their pre- and post-training performance is evaluated through behavioural and brain imaging (fMRI and EEG) techniques. Findings of this research will make a significant contribution to understanding cognitive neural organization and reorganization in perception as well as lead to insights into the fundamental cognitive issues of learning and experience. Globalization leads to more and more language learners, especially in a multicultural society like Canada. This research will give insight into the cognitive neural challenges of language learning.  In addition, issues relating learning with brain functions have important implications for many additional facets of our community, including the development of future technology, understanding the needs of the hearing and visually impaired, and the basic sensory abilities humans have as a means by which to learn.