Aquaculture waste utilization: bio-actives from farmed salmon and cod

自20世纪70年代初以来，水产品继续以每年8.8%的前所未有的速度增长，而此时由于全球对过度捕捞的担忧，野生鱼类的收获已经趋于平稳。 现在很清楚，世界海产品供应所创造的日益增长的市场需求将必须通过水产养殖来满足。 尽管有增长的潜力，但监管机构继续施加压力，要求限制扩张，这是基于公众对环境问题的担忧以及疾病从养殖物种传播到野生物种的担忧。 此外，有一种公众的看法是，养殖物种被喂食促进生长和抗菌化学品，这些化学品可能成为食物供应的一部分。水产养殖渔业的一个问题是加工废物对环境的潜在影响。 这些废物大部分被转化为鱼粉、青贮饲料或肥料，对生产这些副产品的必要设施的投资回报率很低。然而，现在已知从加工废物中回收的某些鱼蛋白具有潜在的人类健康益处。 Marette博士和他在拉瓦尔大学的研究小组已经能够将高水平的饮食鱼蛋白（迄今为止的鳕鱼和大西洋鲑鱼）的存在与高脂肪喂养（肥胖）大鼠和人类的胰岛素敏感性显着增加联系起来。这一点很重要，因为2型糖尿病与肥胖有关，已知影响近200万加拿大人。该研究项目的主旨是利用可食用的水产养殖加工废弃物生产代谢生物活性肽，并开发一种新的治疗人类2型糖尿病的“营养”方法。商业机会将是使用养殖鳕鱼和大西洋鲑鱼的生物活性营养品来增强易患2型糖尿病的个体的胰岛素敏感性。 与此同时，利用水产养殖废弃物生产保健品可以将废料转化为利润更高的最终产品。

Aquaculture continues to grow at an unprecedented rate of 8.8% per year since the early 1970's and this comes at a time when the harvest of wild-caught fish has leveled off due to global concerns about over-fishing. It is now clear that the growing market demand created in the world's seafood supply will have to be met by aquaculture. Despite the potential for growth, there is continued pressure from regulators to limit expansion based upon public concern over environmental concerns as well as spread of disease from farmed species to wild species. In addition, there is a public perception that the farmed species are fed growth-promoting and antibacterial chemicals that could become part of the food supply. One problem with the aquaculture fishery is the potential impact of processing waste on the environment. Much of this waste is converted into fish meal, silage or fertilizers yielding very low returns on investment in the necessary facilities to produce these by-products. However, it is now known that certain fish proteins recoverable from processing waste possess potential human health benefits. Dr. Marette and his team of researchers at Laval University have been able to link the presence of high levels of dietary fish protein (to date cod and Atlantic salmon) with a marked increase in insulin sensitivity in high fat-fed (obese) rats and humans. This is significant insofar as type 2 diabetes is related to obesity and has known to affect nearly 2 million Canadians. The thrust of this research project is to use edible aquaculture processing waste to produce metabolically bioactive peptides and to develop a new "nutraceutical" approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes in humans. The commercial opportunity will be to use the bio-active nutraceuticals from farmed cod and Atlantic salmon to enhance insulin sensitivity in individuals prone to Type 2 diabetes. At the same time, the utilization of aquaculture discards for nutraceutical production could divert waste materials into production of more profitable end-products.