Cognitive dimensions of orangutan ranging in east borneo

本研究旨在探讨东婆罗洲红毛猩猩（Pongo pygmaeus morio）灵活性的认知和社会生态基础。 关于猩猩地理变异的新发现将莫里奥视为猩猩适应性的极端：莫里奥面临着最严酷的生态条件，因此在身体、发育和行为上都有相应的不同。 然而，大多数morio的数据可以追溯到20-25年前，虽然与这些发现一致，但大多数数据都不具备验证这些发现所需的质量，并且它们表明了其他区别。 这些数据也可能反映不再存在的条件。 此后，Morio的栖息地因自然灾害和人类发展而改变，因此许多猩猩现在在破碎和受损的栖息地中生存，或者被重新安置到陌生的猩猩居住的新地区。 需要新的研究来解决这些限制和范围的灵活性，即，空间的利用，是一个很好的开始。 首先，猩猩的活动范围取决于它们适应环境的基石：食物、社会性、发展、学习和认知。 第二，灵活的范围是必不可少的，以科普他们的食物供应，这是非常不均匀的时间和空间。 这种灵活性在很大程度上归功于认知，但很少有人研究猩猩的认知贡献。 最近对灵长类动物空间认知的研究可以丰富对morio ranging的研究：它提供了评估可能的灵活性基础的模型和方法，例如，心理地图的性质以及如何处理旅行路线。 该项目的主要目标是更新正常的莫里奥范围的灵活性在相对完整的栖息地的理解，通过延长研究超过五年，并通过使用认知以及标准的方法。 随着机会的出现，通过对生活在受损栖息地和搬迁到新地区的森鸟进行平行研究，它也可能有助于评估它们的范围灵活性的限制。这一发现将增强对猩猩和类人猿空间认知、morio本身以及猩猩地理变异的理解。 研究结果还应有助于保护，例如，澄清莫里奥议程和生境利用以及搬迁的有效性。

This project aims to explore cognitive and socio-ecological bases of ranging flexibilities in east Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio). New findings on geographic variation in orangutans identify morio as the extreme of orangutan adaptation: morio faces the harshest ecological conditions and is correspondingly distinct physically, developmentally, and behaviorally. However, most morio data date from 20-25 years ago and while consistent with these findings, most are not of the quality needed to verify them and they suggest other distinctions. These data may also reflect conditions that no longer exist. Morio's habitat has since been transformed by natural disasters and human development, so many now survive in fragmented and damaged habitat or have been relocated into new areas inhabited by unfamiliar orangutans. New studies are needed to address these limitations, and flexibility in ranging, i.e., the use of space, is a good place to start. First, orangutan ranging is determined by cornerstones of their adaptation: food, sociality, development, learning, and cognition. Second, ranging flexibility is essential to cope with their food supply, which is extremely patchy in time and space. This flexibility owes much to cognition but cognitive contributions to orangutan ranging have rarely been studied. Recent research on primate spatial cognition could then enrich the study of morio ranging: it offers models and methods for assessing bases for the flexibilities possible, e.g., the nature of mental maps and how travel routes are handled. This project's main goal is to update understanding of normal morio ranging flexibility in relatively intact habitat, by extending study over five full years and by using cognitive as well as standard methods. As opportunities arise, it may also contribute to assessing the limits of their ranging flexibilities via parallel studies of morio living in damaged habitat and relocated to new areas. Findings should enhance understanding of orangutan and great ape spatial cognition, of morio itself, and of geographic variation in orangutans. Findings should also assist conservation by, e.g., clarifying morio agendas and habitat use and the effectiveness of relocations.