Cosmological and gravitational models based on averaged theories of gravity

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The most common assumption in the study of modern cosmology is that the gravitational field is described by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. Cosmological models based on this assumption have been very successful in explaining a wide range of observational phenomena. Despite the plethora of strong observational evidence supporting General Relativity, there continues to be significant problems with the widely accepted Lambda Cold Dark Matter model of the universe. In this model, both "Dark Matter" and "Dark Energy" are primary ingredients. They are added to the model to make it realizable with current observation and do not come out of the model naturally as a prediction. Furthermore, there are fundamental issues regarding the isotropy and spatial homogeneity assumptions. The Universe is not homogeneous on all scales, we observe structures, and, therefore, the assumption of homogeneity and isotropy on the largest of scales needs to be questioned. The question then arises, "Is there is a more natural way to explain the effects of Dark Matter and Dark Energy?"