Core Collapse Supernova Gravitational Wave Signature Predictions based on 3D Ab Initio Models with Increasing GR Realism

大质量恒星在核心坍塌超新星(CCSNe)中的死亡是元素周期表中最大份额的直接或间接原因。CCSNe涉及密度和其他量的极值。牛顿引力不足以描述这种极端情况。需要爱因斯坦式的引力。这个项目将超新星模型中引力的处理从牛顿处理和修正以解释一些爱因斯坦效应，发展到更复杂的爱因斯坦引力处理，从而显著地提高了CCSNe模型的真实性。因此，研究人员将更好地预测引力波(GW)，这是时空结构中的一种涟漪，CCSNe中的发射，是产生LIGO可探测到的GW的来源之一。该项目将支持对一名超新星理论研究生的培训，并将提供(I)通过超新星多信使联盟在超新星模型界和LSC之间架起一座桥梁，(Ii)作为物理学院的一部分在当地一所多样化的公立高中组织相对论讲座，以及(Iii)关于相对论和超新星的公开讲座。核心塌缩超新星(CCSNe)的先进多物理模型，包括具有一整套中微子相互作用的多频率中微子输运和相对论修正，如引力红移，已经实现了由牛顿势(通过求解泊松方程获得)加上对单极项(通过使用角平均密度积分形式获得的Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff方程的修正)给出的有效引力势。更逼真的模型将需要对广义相对论引力进行更逼真的处理。该项目将支持在所有模型组件：重力、流体力学和中微子传输中实施共形平坦近似。PI和他的合作者将计算CCSN模型中引力波(GW)的发射，并将与LIGO科学协作成员密切合作，优化GW预测以供使用。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The death of massive stars in core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) is directly or indirectly responsible for the largest share of the elements in the Periodic Table. CCSNe involve extremes in density and other quantities. Newtonian gravity is insufficient to describe such extremes. Einsteinian gravity is needed. This project advance the treatment of gravity in supernova models from a Newtonian treatment with a correction to account for some Einsteinian effects, to a far more sophisticated treatment of Einsteinian gravity, thereby advancing the realism of CCSNe models significantly. As such, researchers will be better positioned to predict gravitational wave (GW), a ripple in the fabric of space-time, emission in CCSNe, among the sources that produce GWs detectable by LIGO. This project will support the training of a graduate student in supernova theory and will provide (i) a bridge between the supernova modeling community and the LSC via the Supernova Multi-messenger Consortium, (ii) organized lectures on relativity as part of a Physics Academy at a local, diverse public high school, and (iii) public lectures on relativity and supernovae. Advanced multi-physics models of core collapse supernovae (CCSNe), which include multi-frequency neutrino transport with a complete set of neutrino interactions and relativistic corrections such as gravitational redshift, have implemented an effective gravitational potential given by the Newtonian potential (obtained by solving the Poisson equation) plus a correction to the monopole term (obtained from an integral formulation of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation using angle-averaged densities). More realistic models will require more realistic treatments of general relativistic gravity. This project will support the implementation of the Conformally Flat Approximation across all model components: gravity, hydrodynamics, and neutrino transport. The PI and his collaborators will compute the emission of gravitational waves (GWs) in the CCSN models and will work closely with members of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration to optimize GW predictions for their use.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.