Core Collapse Supernova Gravitational Wave Signature Predictions based on 3D Ab Initio Models with Increasing GR Realism

核心坍缩超新星（CCSNe）中大质量恒星的死亡直接或间接地导致了元素周期表中大部分元素的产生。CCSNe涉及密度和其他量的极值。牛顿引力不足以描述这种极端情况。需要爱因斯坦引力。该项目将超新星模型中的引力处理方法从牛顿的处理方法（对一些爱因斯坦效应进行了修正）推进到对爱因斯坦引力的更复杂的处理方法，从而大大提高了CCSNe模型的现实性。因此，研究人员将更好地预测引力波（GW），时空结构中的涟漪，CCSNe中的发射，以及LIGO可探测到的产生GW的源。该项目将支持超新星理论研究生的培训，并将提供(i)通过超新星多信使联盟在超新星建模社区和LSC之间建立桥梁，（ii）作为当地不同公立高中物理学院的一部分组织相对论讲座，以及（iii）关于相对论和超新星的公开讲座。核心坍缩超新星（CCSNe）的先进多物理场模型，包括具有一整套中微子相互作用的多频中微子输运和引力红移等相对论修正，实现了由牛顿势给出的有效引力势（通过求解泊松方程得到）加上对单极项的修正（通过使用角平均密度的托尔曼-奥本海默-沃尔科夫方程的积分公式得到）。更现实的模型需要对广义相对论引力进行更现实的处理。该项目将支持在所有模型组件中实现共形平坦近似：重力、流体力学和中微子输运。PI和他的合作者将在CCSN模型中计算引力波（GWs）的发射，并将与LIGO科学合作组织的成员密切合作，以优化其使用的GW预测。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The death of massive stars in core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) is directly or indirectly responsible for the largest share of the elements in the Periodic Table. CCSNe involve extremes in density and other quantities. Newtonian gravity is insufficient to describe such extremes. Einsteinian gravity is needed. This project advance the treatment of gravity in supernova models from a Newtonian treatment with a correction to account for some Einsteinian effects, to a far more sophisticated treatment of Einsteinian gravity, thereby advancing the realism of CCSNe models significantly. As such, researchers will be better positioned to predict gravitational wave (GW), a ripple in the fabric of space-time, emission in CCSNe, among the sources that produce GWs detectable by LIGO. This project will support the training of a graduate student in supernova theory and will provide (i) a bridge between the supernova modeling community and the LSC via the Supernova Multi-messenger Consortium, (ii) organized lectures on relativity as part of a Physics Academy at a local, diverse public high school, and (iii) public lectures on relativity and supernovae. Advanced multi-physics models of core collapse supernovae (CCSNe), which include multi-frequency neutrino transport with a complete set of neutrino interactions and relativistic corrections such as gravitational redshift, have implemented an effective gravitational potential given by the Newtonian potential (obtained by solving the Poisson equation) plus a correction to the monopole term (obtained from an integral formulation of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation using angle-averaged densities). More realistic models will require more realistic treatments of general relativistic gravity. This project will support the implementation of the Conformally Flat Approximation across all model components: gravity, hydrodynamics, and neutrino transport. The PI and his collaborators will compute the emission of gravitational waves (GWs) in the CCSN models and will work closely with members of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration to optimize GW predictions for their use.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.