Integrated modelling of geomorphological and ecological landscape evolution

景观是一个复杂的动态系统，包括地貌和生态。此外，地貌过程受到景观植被覆盖的影响，反之亦然。鉴于这些相互关系，可以预期，而且事实上已经表明，地貌和生态过程相互作用，共同决定了景观的演变。然而，这些相互作用往往被忽视，在目前的景观模拟研究。地貌景观演化模型通常将植被视为次要因素，要么将其视为静态因素，要么完全忽略。相反，生态景观演化模型通常将景观形态视为植被竞争和演替的静态阶段。

Landscapes are complex dynamic systems, both geomorphologically and ecologically. Moreover, geomorphological processes are influenced by the landscape's vegetation cover and vice versa. Given these mutual relations it can be expected, and indeed it has been shown, that geomorphological and ecological processes interact and co-determine the evolution of the landscape. However, these interactions are frequently neglected in current landscape simulation studies. Geomorphological landscape evolution models commonly regard vegetation as a secondary factor and either treat it as static or ignore it altogether. Conversely, ecological landscape evolution models usually regard the landscape's morphology as a static stage for vegetation competition and succession.