Development and evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues

脊椎动物骨骼组织的发育和进化

• 批准号: 5056-2011
• 负责人: Hall, Brian
• 金额: $ 4.74万
• 依托单位: Dalhousie University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2011-01-01 至 2012-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=473924
• 关键词: Development; evolution; vertebrate; skeletal; tissues

I study how the skeleton of embryos of fish and frogs form. I should say skeletons; all vertebrates have had two skeletons for almost 500 million years; an exo- and an endoskeleton. Most of the human or dinosaur bones you see in a museum are the inside (endo) skeleton, which is based on cartilage, most of which is replaced by bone. Your arm skeleton is part of the endoskeleton. The second skeleton was originally on the outside and so is an exoskeleton. Originally it consisted of bone and dentine (the tissue found in teeth), either as small isolated plates or as plates fused into an external armor. During evolution, some plates sank below the surface as teeth and to form the clavicle (collar bone) and parts of the skull. These two skeletons have distinct developmental and evolutionary histories. Currently, we are investigating skeletal development in frogs and fish. Frogs are fascinating because the tadpole skeleton is based in cartilage but the adult skeleton is based on bone. We want to know how much of the tadpole skull skeleton is carried over to adult frogs. If not carried over then do adult skeletal elements form from a line of cells distinct from those that form the tadpole cartilaginous skeleton? We tag genes that are specific for cartilage or bone onto green fluorescent protein (GFP) and inject the construct into frog eggs. The resulting eggs have green cartilages or bones. If the construct is incorporated into cells that make eggs and sperm, then the skeleton of the next generation will also glow green. By using different gene constructs we can track cells making different skeletal tissues during the frog's lifetime. We know the skeletal tissues in frogs - they are cartilage and bone. The situation is much less clear-cut in fish, in which transitions between cartilage and bone occur. Our fish project will identify the types of skeletal tissues and transitions between tissues. Once known, we use gene probes to reveal the cell populations that make these tissues. Because as much as 30% of fish in hatcheries may never make it to market because of skeletal deformities that make the fish unattractive to potential customers, this approach has potential significance for the aquaculture industry and the economy.

我研究鱼和青蛙胚胎的骨骼是如何形成的。我应该说是骷髅；近 5 亿年来，所有脊椎动物都有两副骨骼；外骨骼和内骨骼。您在博物馆中看到的大多数人类或恐龙骨骼都是内部（endo）骨骼，它以软骨为基础，其中大部分被骨骼取代。您的手臂骨骼是内骨骼的一部分。第二个骨骼原本位于外部，因此也是外骨骼。最初它由骨头和牙本质（牙齿中的组织）组成，要么是小的孤立板，要么是融合到外部装甲中的板。在进化过程中，一些板块作为牙齿沉入地表以下，并形成锁骨（锁骨）和头骨的一部分。这两种骨骼具有不同的发育和进化历史。目前，我们正在研究青蛙和鱼类的骨骼发育。青蛙之所以令人着迷，是因为蝌蚪的骨骼以软骨为基础，而成年的骨骼则以骨头为基础。我们想知道有多少蝌蚪头骨骨骼被转移到成年青蛙身上。如果没有被继承，那么成体骨骼元素是否是由与形成蝌蚪软骨骨骼的细胞不同的细胞系形成的？我们将软骨或骨骼特异的基因标记到绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP) 上，并将该构建体注射到青蛙卵中。由此产生的鸡蛋有绿色的软骨或骨头。如果该结构被整合到产生卵子和精子的细胞中，那么下一代的骨骼也会发出绿光。通过使用不同的基因构建体，我们可以追踪青蛙一生中形成不同骨骼组织的细胞。我们知道青蛙的骨骼组织 - 它们是软骨和骨头。鱼类的情况则不太清楚，鱼类中发生软骨和骨骼之间的过渡。我们的鱼类项目将识别骨骼组织的类型以及组织之间的过渡。一旦知道，我们就使用基因探针来揭示形成这些组织的细胞群。因为孵化场中多达 30% 的鱼可能永远无法进入市场，因为骨骼畸形使这些鱼对潜在客户失去吸引力，因此这种方法对水产养殖业和经济具有潜在意义。