Design and operation of microgrids with high penetration of photovoltaics

技术进步和环境压力正在推动可再生能源与配电网络的互联。分布式发电、存储和可控负荷统称为分布式能源(DER)。它们可以提高通过电力电子接口向敏感终端用户输送的电力的电能质量可靠性(PQR)。然而，大量不协调的DER的添加可能会在安全和效率方面对网络产生不利影响。这个问题可以通过在当地控制DER集群来缓解，作为一个微电网，它可以在其本地配电网络内运行，或者在公用事业电网不可用时自主(孤立)运行。必须制定适当的电源管理策略，以最大限度地减少运行成本和网络损耗，同时提高系统稳定性和PQR。许多研究、开发和示范(RD&D)微电网项目正在进行中，主要是在日本、欧洲和美国。

Technological advances and environmental pressures are driving the interconnection of renewable energy sources to the distribution network. Distributed generation (DG), storage and controllable loads are collectively called distributed energy resources (DER). They can increase the power quality reliability (PQR) of electricity delivered to sensitive end users through power electronic interfaces. However, the addition of a large number of uncoordinated DERs can have detrimental effects on the network in terms of safety and efficiency. This problem can be mitigated by controlling clusters of DERs locally, as a microgrid, which can operate within its local distribution network or autonomously (islanded) when the utility grid is not available. Appropriate power management strategies must be developed so as to minimize operating costs and network losses while improving system stability and PQR. A number of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) microgrid projects are in progress, mostly in Japan, Europe and in the USA.