DC nanogrids for stationary and transportation systems

在不久的将来，电力系统预计将包含大量的可再生能源（RES）以及电动汽车（EV）。对可再生但随机的电源的依赖以及高功率（快速充电）电动汽车在配电层面的影响是令人担忧的原因。 为解决这些问题，提出了包括纳米和微型电网的互联电网概念。住宅纳米电网是该计划的关键组成部分，因为它们提供了发电手段，通常是光伏（PV），存储和需求侧管理（DSM）。大多数智能家居采用传统的交流电源，但直流纳米网格提供更高的效率，与分布式RES的性质相匹配，并且更容易控制。用住宅纳米网格中产生的可再生能源为电动汽车充电的潜力非常有吸引力。然而，需要用于增加本地发电和桥接PV发电和EV充电时间的手段。该研究计划将研究将燃料电池（FC）和第二生命EV电池集成到DC住宅纳米电网中。为了更好地管理直流电力系统中的可用资源，需要合适的电力电子接口（转换器拓扑结构、调制和控制策略）。FC的热能将被收集并集成到供暖通风和空调（HVAC）系统中，以进一步提高系统的效率。直流配电在运输系统中，特别是在电动汽车中得到了很好的建立。它也被用于“更多电动飞机（MEA）”客机，但不包括推进系统。这是由于实际电池组的能量密度相对较低，这对于小型飞行员训练，低有效载荷和飞行时间的飞机来说是一个挑战。本研究计划将研究将光伏发电集成到小型飞机的机翼中，以及通过协调电动机的速度和螺旋桨的螺距角来增加减速和下降时的能量再生的方法。用于直流住宅纳米电网和电动汽车的技术将扩展到全电动小型飞机。这项工作将有利于加拿大通过NSERC智能净零能源建筑战略研究网络（SNEBRN）和航空航天领域的新技术开发和HQP培训，通过Concordia航空航天设计和创新研究所（CIADI），在魁北克有许多利益相关者。

The power system of the near future is expected to contain significant amounts of renewable energy sources (RESs), as well as electric vehicles (EVs). Reliance on renewable, but stochastic, power sources and the impact of high power (fast charging) EVs at the distribution level are reasons for concern. The concept of intergrid, with nano and microgrids was proposed to address those issues. Residential nano-grids are key building blocks in this scheme because they offer means for generation, usually photovoltaic (PV), storage and demand side management (DSM). Most smart homes employ conventional AC power, but DC nanogrids offer higher efficiencies, match with the nature of distributed RESs and are simpler to control.****The potential of charging EVs with renewable energy produced in residential nanogrid is very appealing. However, means for increasing the local power generation and bridging PV generation and EV charging times are needed. This research program will investigate the integration of fuel cells (FCs) and second life EV batteries into DC residential nanogrids. Suitable power electronic interfaces (converter topology, modulation and control strategy) are required for better managing the resources available in DC power systems. The thermal energy of the FCs will be harvested and integrated in to the heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system to further increase the efficiency of the system.****DC power distribution is well established in transportation systems, particularly in EVs. It has also been used in “more electric aircrafts (MEA)” airliners but does not include the propulsion system. This is due to the relatively low energy density of actual battery banks, a challenge that is reduced for small, pilot training, aircrafts with low payloads and flight times. This research program will investigate the integration of PV power generation into the wings of small airplanes as well as approaches to increase energy regeneration, when slowing down and descending, by coordinating the speed of the electric motor and the pitch angle of the propeller. Techniques employed for the DC residential nanogrid and EVs will be extended for the all-electric small aircraft.****This work will benefit Canada with development of new technology and training of HQP in the areas of net-zero energy buildings, through the NSERC smart net-zero energy buildings strategic research network (SNEBRN), and aerospace, through the Concordia institute of aerospace design and innovation (CIADI), that have many stakeholders in Quebec.***