Practical implementation of real-time low-dose x-ray imaging

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The role of real-time x-ray fluoroscopic imaging is expanding and important for diagnostic, evaluation and image guided interventional applications. In 2010, it is estimated that there were over 3 million cardiac catheterization procedures performed in North America using x-ray fluoroscopy. One of the main reasons for this frequency is the increased prevalence of catheter based therapies. Angioplasty, particularly balloon inflation with the addition of a stent, has markedly improved the success of the procedure by reducing the rate of re-stenosis, allowing for a less invasive treatment of complex lesions that were previously exclusively treated with coronary bypass surgery. Cardiac intervention procedures are quite long and require multiple x-ray exposures to a patient. As a result, the radiation dose from a single interventional fluoroscopic procedure can