Molecular evolution of green algae

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Over the past several decades my laboratory has studied green algae, the group from which land plants arose. The main focus of our work is on organelle genomes, i.e., those in mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are the sites of respiration and photosynthesis, respectively, but we have also been addressing questions related to the nuclear genome (the main genome of the cell), in the study group. The overriding theme of our efforts has been to document and explain the diversity of green algal and sometimes land plant genome features. For the organelle genomes this includes variables like intact vs. fragmented, circular vs. linear, GC-rich vs. AT-rich, compact vs. bloated, and for the nuclear genome, the fraction of its non coding DNA that is of recent plastid and mitochondrial origin. We have also estimated the relative mutation rate and the level of nucleotide diversity at silent (non-coding) sites in the three genetic compartments of green plants (algae and land plants) and used these to explain the variations in genome architecture in members of this group. The proposed work for the next grant period focuses on four main activities: (1) Wider sampling and characterization of the Polytomella clade, a group of green algae that is now colorless and has lost the capacity for photosynthesis and for cell wall synthesis-all currently maintained strains of this important genus come from Europe although North and South American isolates have been described in the past; (2) Evolution of the secondary loss of photosynthesis in Polytomella - much can be learned about essential photosynthetic functions in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by comparative plastid proteomics with its close relative Polytomella; (3) Evolution of mitochondrial genome structure in Volvox and Polytomella; and (4) testing the mutational-burden hypothesis as an explanation for the compactness variation in mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes in selected green algal species. In recent years, the green algae have attracted interest because of their potential in biotechnology, particularly, renewable energy. Fundamental work on this group such as proposed here can increase their value in practical applications.