Directed self-organization of nanostructured materials: fudamentals and applications

从看似无序的系统中自发地出现有组织的结构，这让人类困惑了数千年。1610年，约翰内斯·开普勒（Johannes Kepler）在布拉格他家附近的一座桥上散步时，观察到袖子上的一片雪花，意识到尽管每片雪花都有非凡的“独特性”，但雪花的六重对称性一定有一种潜在的机制，几个星期后，他出版了一本简短的专著，名为《新年礼物--关于六个人》，角落雪花'，其中他的理由是，整体对称性的结果，从一个内在的对称性的积木-我们现在知道这些是氢/氧分子，确实有一个特殊的倾向，以堆叠在六边形。我们现在已经非常清楚原子和分子是如何在化学键的电磁力的驱动下自组装成晶体的。然而，还有待发现的是，原子和分子凝聚成固体时所经历的力如何在某些条件下驱动高度复杂结构（雪花）的形成，以及在其他条件下驱动简单结构（冰块）的形成。

The spontaneous emergence of organized structures from apparently disordered systems has baffled humans for millennia. In 1610 Johannes Kepler, upon observing a snowflake on his sleeve while walking over a bridge near his home in Prague, realized that there must be an underlying mechanism for the consistent 6-fold symmetry of snowflakes in spite of each's remarkable 'uniqueness', and several weeks later he published a short monograph called 'A New Year's Gift - On the six-cornered Snowflake' in which he reasons that the overall symmetry results from an intrinsic symmetry of the building blocks - we now know these to be hydrogen/oxygen molecules that do have a particular tendency to stack in hexagons. We now know quite well how atoms and molecules self-assemble into crystals, driven by the electromagnetic forces of chemical bonding. What remains to discover, however, is how the forces experienced by atoms and molecules as they condense into a solid drive the formation of highly complex structures (snowflakes) under some conditions, and simple structures (ice cubes) under others.