Predicting Dynamic River Ice Processes

河冰在加拿大是一个重要的问题，在许多其他北方国家也是如此。与典型的仲冬冰覆盖所暗示的平静形象相反，河流冰实际上由各种各样的动态过程组成，特别是在结冰和解冻期间，这些动态冰过程可能会造成重大问题。例如，在秋天，当水温降到零下几百分之一度时，就会形成“碎冰”颗粒。这些微小的冰粒最初被流体湍流悬浮在整个河流中。然而，Frazil在这种超冷的水中表现得非常粘性，很容易粘到自己和许多其他物体上。它可以安装在取水口的屏风和垃圾架上，切断市政、工业和发电厂的供水。它还会粘在河床上，形成“锚冰”，这对鱼类非常有害。例如，在小河中，锚冰可以在一夜之间填满整个海峡，阻碍幼鱼的栖息地，或者阻止埋藏在河床中的鱼卵的氧气供应。河冰在春季也会出现同样的问题。在破裂特别动态的河流上，可能会形成冰堵，导致洪水泛滥，对人类安全构成重大威胁。

River ice is an important issue in Canada, as in many other northern countries. Contrary to the peaceful image that the typical mid-winter ice cover implies, river ice is actually comprised of a broad variety of dynamic processes, particularly during freeze-up and breakup, and these dynamic ice processes can cause significant problems. For example, in the fall as water temperatures cool to a few hundredths of a degree below zero, "frazil ice" particles form. These tiny ice particles are initially suspended throughout the river flow by fluid turbulence. However, frazil behaves in a very 'sticky' manner in this supecooled water and readily sticks to itself and many other objects. It can attach to screens and trash racks on water intakes, cutting off the water supplies to municipalities, industries, and power plants. It can also stick to the river bed, building up "anchor ice", which can be very harmful to fish. For example, in small rivers, anchor ice can fill up the entire channel in a single night, inhibiting habitat access for juvenile fish or blocking the oxygen supply to eggs buried in the stream bed. River ice can be equally problematic in spring. On rivers where the breakup is particularly dynamic, ice jams can form causing flooding and presenting a significant threat to human safety.