Predicting Dynamic River Ice Processes

预测动态河流冰过程

• 批准号: 105457-2013
• 负责人: Hicks, Faye
• 金额: $ 2.55万
• 依托单位: University of Alberta
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2014-01-01 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=545146
• 关键词: Predicting; Dynamic; River; Ice; Processes

River ice is an important issue in Canada, as in many other northern countries. Contrary to the peaceful image that the typical mid-winter ice cover implies, river ice is actually comprised of a broad variety of dynamic processes, particularly during freeze-up and breakup, and these dynamic ice processes can cause significant problems. For example, in the fall as water temperatures cool to a few hundredths of a degree below zero, "frazil ice" particles form. These tiny ice particles are initially suspended throughout the river flow by fluid turbulence. However, frazil behaves in a very 'sticky' manner in this supecooled water and readily sticks to itself and many other objects. It can attach to screens and trash racks on water intakes, cutting off the water supplies to municipalities, industries, and power plants. It can also stick to the river bed, building up "anchor ice", which can be very harmful to fish. For example, in small rivers, anchor ice can fill up the entire channel in a single night, inhibiting habitat access for juvenile fish or blocking the oxygen supply to eggs buried in the stream bed. River ice can be equally problematic in spring. On rivers where the breakup is particularly dynamic, ice jams can form causing flooding and presenting a significant threat to human safety.

河冰在加拿大和许多其他北方国家都是一个重要问题。与典型的仲冬冰盖所暗示的平静形象相反，河冰实际上由各种各样的动态过程组成，特别是在冻结和破裂期间，这些动态冰过程可能导致重大问题。例如，在秋天，当水温下降到零下几度时，“冰”颗粒就会形成。这些微小的冰粒最初由于流体湍流而悬浮在整个河流中。然而，巴西在这种过冷水中表现得非常“粘”，很容易粘在自己和许多其他物体上。它可以附着在取水口的屏幕和垃圾架上，切断市政、工业和发电厂的供水。它还会粘在河床上，形成“锚冰”，这对鱼类非常有害。例如，在小河流中，锚冰可以在一夜之间填满整个河道，抑制幼鱼进入栖息地或阻止埋在河床中的卵的氧气供应。春天的河冰也同样是个问题。在破裂特别剧烈的河流上，可能会形成冰塞，引发洪水，对人类安全构成重大威胁。