The cognitive and neural bases of letter and sound knowledge in reading

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The printed word is an immensely valuable human innovation. It allows a language user to record their thoughts and ideas, and to convey them to other individuals who are not immediately present. Nevertheless, fluent reading requires readers to bring together multiple types of perceptual information and mental knowledge in order process a written text. The present proposal examines a fundamental element of reading: rapidly merging the visual form of language - orthography - with knowledge of the spoken form of language - phonology. We theorize that this audio-visual (A-V) integration process represents a fundamental building block of reading, setting the stage for effective reading acquisition in school-age children and efficient visual word recognition in skilled readers.