Radiation hazard screening strategies for persons exposed to radioactive materials

将支持的研究计划包括分析技术、应对工具和应对辐射紧急情况的对策。该计划有许多方面的研究，包括：(A)放射性气雾剂的风险，(B)吸入放射性侮辱的快速分诊和治疗，以及(C)核电站意外污染人员的暴露评估。该研究计划的重点是在发生辐射事故或其他紧急情况时保护公众和工作人员。重要的是在辐射释放后迅速确定风险，以提供可能的治疗方法(例如，去孔道治疗)，减轻恐惧，并确保工人被解除辐射职责或允许恢复工作。与风险确定密切相关的是放射性核素摄入量的评估。虽然一些吸入或摄取的放射性同位素相对容易通过生物测定来确定(例如，尿中的氚)，但其他的，如阿尔法发射的氡系元素，则不是这样。这项研究通过探索三个不同的研究重点，试图通过液体闪烁计数来快速估计尿液中榄系元素的水平：(1)改进液体闪烁计数中的α/β辨别算法(例如，通过光谱去卷积)，以提高最低可检测活度；(2)设计和制造新的液体闪烁瓶和光电倍增管，以提高光输出/检测效率，从而降低对α发射放射性核素的检测下限；以及(3)探索一种新的技术，在LSC小瓶中产生中子生成反应，并将中子作为替代测量方法来测量埃元素的α发射反应，即(a，n)。该研究将对卫生物理学和应急领域的健康物理学和应急领域具有重要意义。对于有保护人员健康和安全要求的工业和政府机构来说，这将是同等重要的。这项研究将使科学界受益，因为它增加了从生物测定样品中快速测定鳗系元素的知识库，并通过培训一些高素质的人员(HQP)。

The research program to be supported is in analytical techniques, response tools and countermeasures for radiological emergencies. This program has numerous facets, including research in (a) risk from radiological aerosols, (b) rapid triage and treatment from inhalation of radiological insults, and (c) exposure assessment from accidentally contaminated personnel in nuclear power plants. The research program focus is on protection of the public and workers in the event of a radiological accident or other emergency. It is important to rapidly determine risk after a radiological release to provide possible therapeutic treatments (for example, decorporation therapy), to allay fears, and to ensure that workers are either removed from radiological duty or permitted to resume work. Germane to determination of risk is assessment of radionuclide intake. Although some radioisotopes that are inhaled or ingested are relatively easily determined from bioassay (for example, tritium in urine), others, such as alpha emitting actinides, are not. This research seeks to generate rapid estimates of actinide levels in urine through liquid scintillation counting by exploring three distinct research foci: (1) improvement of alpha/beta discrimination algorithms (through, for example, spectral deconvolution) in liquid scintillation counting to improve minimum detectable activity, (2) design and fabrication of new liquid scintillation vials and photomultipliers to improve the light output/detection efficiency, hence lower the detection limit for alpha emitting radionuclides, and (3) exploration of a novel technique to yield a neutron generating reaction in the LSC vial and use neutrons as a surrogate measurement for actinide alpha emitting reactions, i.e. (a,n). The research will have great significance to the health physics and emergency response community for rapid determination of actinide intake. It will be of equal interest to industrial and government agencies that have requirements to protect the health and security of personnel. The research will benefit the scientific community by adding to the knowledge base of rapid actinide determination from bioassay samples, and by training a number of highly qualified personnel (HQP).