Engineering the RNA-guided Cascade complex for genome editing

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For humans, it took thousands of generations to develop modern domesticated plants and animals. Since the time of Thomas Morgan, scientists have been seeking methods to directly manipulate genomes of different organisms and fix faulty human genes. Precise modifications of complex genomes have been one of the major goals for scientists working in basic and applied science. Molecular tools that are currently used for genome engineering include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). A major disadvantage of these protein-guided genome engineering systems is that the correction of each new target sequence requires laborious efforts to design a new nuclease that specifically recognizes this target sequence. Therefore, new technologies that are affordable, easy to use and efficient are still needed for the genetic engineering.