The impact of reducing mycotoxins in poultry feed on the natural defense against disease

加拿大家禽研究理事会已将减少动物饲料中抗菌剂的使用，特别是作为生长促进剂（AGP）和治疗疾病确定为优先事项。尽管正在寻找替代品，但这些替代品也可能迫使微生物产生耐药性。因此，我们提出了一个总体战略，以保持健康，生产和效率，而无需AGP需要改善生物安全，管理实践和营养，特别是饲料中霉菌毒素水平低。真菌毒素是真菌产生的一种防御化学物质。值得关注的是与镰刀菌头枯病（FHB）有关的真菌毒素，这是一种在世界各地种植的作物中的真菌疾病。在加拿大，FHB的发病率一直在上升，人们担心它变得更具传染性，并产生更多类型和更高水平的真菌毒素。在世界范围内，CAST（2003）估计所有谷物中有25%含有一定程度的真菌毒素。在最近的荟萃分析中（安德烈塔等人，2011年）的98篇论文（1980-2009年）得出结论，与相应的对照饮食相比，霉菌毒素使肉鸡的采食量减少了12%，体重增加了14%。Yegani等人（2005年）估计，1990年至1999年期间，加拿大牲畜和家禽生产商损失了10亿美元。FHB还显著影响产量和谷物质量，估计加拿大谷物生产商每年损失8000万美元。畜牧业通过避免霉菌毒素的来源和使用补充剂来结合和/或解毒可能存在的毒素来应对。我们的研究小组最近安装了新的（首次安装在NA）技术，该技术有助于使用近红外反射（NIR）光谱对单个谷粒进行商业分选。谷物的来源可以根据粗蛋白质分为三个部分。在虫害期间，FHB减少了单个籽粒中的蛋白质沉积。使用分选技术的初步数据与>90%的谷粒回收率和将真菌毒素水平降低到低水平或不可检测水平有关。重点将是了解霉菌毒素对免疫能力或动物对疾病挑战的反应能力或建立良好的疫苗反应和减少对AGP的依赖的影响。

Lowering the use of antimicrobials in animal feeds, particularly as growth promoters (AGPs), and to treat disease have been defined as priorities by the Canadian Poultry Research Council. Although alternatives are sought, these too may force microbial resistance. Therefore, we propose an overall strategy to maintain health, production and efficiency without AGPs requires improvements in bio-security, management practices and nutrition, specifically to feed diets with low levels of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are chemicals produced by fungi as a defense. Of concern are the mycotoxins associated with Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) a fungal disease in crops grown worldwide. In Canada, the incidence of FHB has been increasing and there are concerns that it is becoming more infectious and producing more types and higher levels of mycotoxins. Worldwide, CAST (2003) estimates that 25% of all cereals have some level of mycotoxins. In a recent meta-analysis (Andretta et al., 2011) of 98 papers (between 1980-2009) concluded that mycotoxins reduced broilers feed intake by 12% and weight gain by 14% compared to the respective control diets. Yegani et al. (2005) estimated that Canadian livestock and poultry producers lost $1B between 1990 and 1999. FHB also significantly impacts yield and grain quality and losses are estimated at $80M/yr to Canadian cereal producers. The animal industry responds by avoiding sources of mycotoxins and use of supplements to bind and/or detoxify the toxins that may be present. Our research group has recently installed new (first installation in NA) technology that facilitates commercial sorting of individual kernels of grain using Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Sources of grain can be separated into three fractions based on crude protein. During an infestation, FHB reduces protein deposition in individual kernels. Preliminary data using the sorting technology has been associated with recovery of >90% of the kernels and lowering levels of mycotoxins to low or non-detectable levels. Emphasis will be made to understand the impact of mycotoxins on immune capacity or the animal's ability to respond to disease challenge or mount a good vaccine response and reduce reliance on AGPs.