Imaging active volcanic systems through time

火山在塑造现代和古代人类社会方面发挥了并将继续发挥关键作用。从维苏威火山喷发到埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发，火山已造成数十万人死亡，并造成数十亿美元的经济损失。因此，预测这些喷发，以减轻其影响是至关重要的。虽然在定量描述火山喷发特征方面取得了相当大的进展，但即使是最先进的模型也由于获取这些数据的固有困难而缺乏准确数据。因此，我们对火山下地壳内岩浆侵入和迁移的物理、化学和时空“边界条件”的了解仍然非常有限。拟议的多方面研究计划将通过对休眠和活跃的火山系统进行准确的现代和法医地球化学和地球物理测量，提高我们有效描述这些岩浆系统的能力。 上升岩浆中岩浆挥发物(H2O、CO2)的储存和释放在很大程度上控制着火山喷发的性质(爆炸性与热流性)。然而，火山建筑内部的变化，如热液系统对气体的洗涤，可以掩盖发生在深处的变化。因此，了解支持浅层储集层如何储存和重新引导近地表岩浆的过程，对于破译地表-地下活动的相互作用至关重要。我和我的学生将利用对保存在晶体赋存的熔体包裹体中的挥发物的法医研究和对表面脱气的直接测量来提供两个活跃火山弧的母质玄武岩的第一个全面的脱气历史。这对于了解这些系统的发展，特别是脱气和岩浆储存的深度是至关重要的。这些时间和空间变化参数的准确和可重复测量是岩浆运动的物理化学模型和熔岩流侵位的数值模型的关键输入。我的团队将利用无人机技术的进步来准确地采样表面排放和特征。根据构造环境的不同，在相对较浅的深度可能会周期性地形成非常大的岩浆气藏，但对油气藏增长与近场和远场应力状态之间的反馈关系仍然知之甚少。我们将把三个经过充分研究的玄武岩火山的综合物理化学数据输入系统级的数值模型，以便真实地捕捉这些动态相互作用，并更准确地预测破坏性火山事件。这项研究的结果将使人们能够认识到岩浆系统的细微变化，这些变化对于有效预测潜在的危险火山系统并减轻其对加拿大和国外社会的不可避免影响至关重要。

Volcanoes have played and continue to play a pivotal role in shaping human societies, both modern and ancient. From the eruption of Vesuvius to that of Eyjafjallajökull, volcanoes have killed hundreds of thousands of people and led to billions of dollars in economic losses. Forecasting these eruptions in order to mitigate their impact is thus of the utmost importance. While considerable progress has been made in quantitatively characterising volcanic eruptions, even the most advanced models suffer from a paucity of accurate data due to the difficulty inherent in their acquisition. Consequently, our understanding of the physical, chemical, spatiotemporal “boundary conditions” for the intrusion and migration of magma within the crust beneath volcanoes is still very limited. The proposed multi-faceted research program will enhance our ability to effectively characterize these magmatic systems via accurate modern and forensic geochemical and geophysical measurements of dormant and active volcanic systems. The storage and release of magmatic volatiles (H2O, CO2) in rising magma largely control the nature (explosive vs. effusive) of volcanic eruptions. However, changes within the volcanic edifice, such as gas scrubbing by hydrothermal systems, can mask changes occurring at depth. Understanding the processes underpinning how shallow reservoirs store and redirect near-surface magma is thus critical in deciphering the interplay of surface-subsurface activity. I and my students will use forensic studies of volatiles preserved in crystal-hosted melt inclusions and direct measurements of surface degassing to provide the first comprehensive degassing history of the parental basalts of two active volcanic arcs. This is essential for understanding the development of these systems, especially the depth of degassing and magma storage. Accurate and repeatable measurements of these temporally and spatially varying parameters are critical inputs for physicochemical models of magma movement and numerical models of lava flow emplacement. My group will capitalize on advances in UAV technology to accurately sample surface emissions and features. Depending on the tectonic setting, very large magma reservoirs may form periodically at relatively shallow depths but the feedback relationships between reservoir growth and the near- and far-field stress regimes are still poorly understood. We will input comprehensive physicochemical data from three well studied basaltic volcanoes into system-level numerical models in order to realistically capture these dynamic interactions and more accurately forecast destructive volcanic events. The results of this research will enable recognition of subtle changes in magmatic systems that are crucial to effective forecasting of potentially hazardous volcanic systems and the mitigation of their inevitable impact on society, in Canada and abroad.