Imaging active volcanic systems through time

无论是现代还是古代，火山在塑造人类社会的过程中已经并将继续发挥着关键作用。从维苏威火山喷发到Eyjafjallajökull火山喷发，火山已经造成数十万人死亡，并造成数十亿美元的经济损失。因此，预测这些喷发以减轻其影响是至关重要的。虽然在定量描述火山爆发方面取得了相当大的进展，但即使是最先进的模型也由于获取数据本身的困难而缺乏准确的数据。因此，我们对火山下地壳内岩浆侵入和迁移的物理、化学、时空“边界条件”的理解仍然非常有限。提出的多方面研究计划将通过对休眠和活跃火山系统进行精确的现代和法医地球化学和地球物理测量，提高我们有效表征这些岩浆系统的能力。***上升的岩浆中岩浆挥发物（H2O, CO2）的储存和释放在很大程度上控制了火山喷发的性质（爆炸性与喷涌性）。然而，火山大厦内部的变化，如热液系统的气体冲刷，可以掩盖发生在深度的变化。因此，了解浅层储层如何储存和重定向近地表岩浆的过程，对于破译地表-地下活动的相互作用至关重要。我和我的学生们将对保存在晶体熔融包裹体中的挥发物进行法医研究，并对表面脱气进行直接测量，以提供两个活跃火山弧母玄武岩的第一个全面的脱气历史。这对于了解这些系统的发展，特别是脱气深度和岩浆储存是至关重要的。这些随时间和空间变化的参数的精确和可重复测量是岩浆运动的物理化学模型和熔岩流就位的数值模型的关键输入。我的团队将利用无人机技术的进步来准确地采样表面排放和特征。根据构造环境的不同，大型岩浆储层可能在相对较浅的深度周期性形成，但储层生长与近场和远场应力场之间的反馈关系仍然知之甚少。我们将把三个玄武岩火山的综合物理化学数据输入到系统级数值模型中，以便真实地捕捉这些动态相互作用，更准确地预测破坏性火山事件。这项研究的结果将使人们能够认识到岩浆系统的细微变化，这些变化对于有效预测潜在危险的火山系统和减轻其对加拿大和国外社会不可避免的影响至关重要

Volcanoes have played and continue to play a pivotal role in shaping human societies, both modern and ancient. From the eruption of Vesuvius to that of Eyjafjallajökull, volcanoes have killed hundreds of thousands of people and led to billions of dollars in economic losses. Forecasting these eruptions in order to mitigate their impact is thus of the utmost importance. While considerable progress has been made in quantitatively characterising volcanic eruptions, even the most advanced models suffer from a paucity of accurate data due to the difficulty inherent in their acquisition. Consequently, our understanding of the physical, chemical, spatiotemporal “boundary conditions” for the intrusion and migration of magma within the crust beneath volcanoes is still very limited. The proposed multi-faceted research program will enhance our ability to effectively characterize these magmatic systems via accurate modern and forensic geochemical and geophysical measurements of dormant and active volcanic systems.***The storage and release of magmatic volatiles (H2O, CO2) in rising magma largely control the nature (explosive vs. effusive) of volcanic eruptions. However, changes within the volcanic edifice, such as gas scrubbing by hydrothermal systems, can mask changes occurring at depth. Understanding the processes underpinning how shallow reservoirs store and redirect near-surface magma is thus critical in deciphering the interplay of surface-subsurface activity. I and my students will use forensic studies of volatiles preserved in crystal-hosted melt inclusions and direct measurements of surface degassing to provide the first comprehensive degassing history of the parental basalts of two active volcanic arcs. This is essential for understanding the development of these systems, especially the depth of degassing and magma storage. Accurate and repeatable measurements of these temporally and spatially varying parameters are critical inputs for physicochemical models of magma movement and numerical models of lava flow emplacement. My group will capitalize on advances in UAV technology to accurately sample surface emissions and features. Depending on the tectonic setting, very large magma reservoirs may form periodically at relatively shallow depths but the feedback relationships between reservoir growth and the near- and far-field stress regimes are still poorly understood. We will input comprehensive physicochemical data from three well studied basaltic volcanoes into system-level numerical models in order to realistically capture these dynamic interactions and more accurately forecast destructive volcanic events. The results of this research will enable recognition of subtle changes in magmatic systems that are crucial to effective forecasting of potentially hazardous volcanic systems and the mitigation of their inevitable impact on society, in Canada and abroad.**