Integration of Calcium Signaling: Regulation of K-dependent Na/Ca-exchangers

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Calcium (Ca2+) signals regulate a wide range of cellular processes including fertilization, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and even cell death. The membrane channels that mediate influx to initiate Ca2+ signals have been studied extensively. Integrated Ca2+ homeostasis, however, depends on extrusion pathways, about which much less is known. In excitable cells, where Ca2+ fluxes are high, efflux is predominantly mediated by members of the family of K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+-exchangers (NCKX).