Role of PTEN during Pi(4,5)P2 homeostasis and autophagy

自噬是自噬的过程，从酵母到哺乳动物，在进化上都是保守的。这一过程导致细胞器、蛋白质或核酸等胞液成分的溶酶体降解。自噬始于双膜囊的形成，该双膜囊扩张并形成能吞噬胞液成分的自噬小体。然后，自噬小体与释放消化酶的溶酶体融合，以促进货物的降解。自噬调节亚细胞室的动态重塑，参与控制胚胎发生、饥饿反应、抗肿瘤和抗衰老等生理过程。因此，对这一重要过程的了解对基础和生物医学研究都是至关重要的。

Autophagy, the process of self-eating, is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. This process leads to the lysosomal degradation of cytosolic components such as organelles, proteins or nucleic acids. Autophagy starts with the formation of a double-membrane sac that expends and forms the autophagosome that can engulf cytosolic components. The autophagosome then fuse with lysosomes that discharge their digestive enzymes to promote cargo degradation. Autophagy regulates the dynamic remodeling of subcellular compartments and participates to the control of several physiological processes such as embryogenesis, response to starvation, anti-tumorigenesis and anti-senescence. Therefore, the understanding of this important process is essential for both fundamental and biomedical research.