Mitochondrial DNA in the environment: towards the development of better animal-specific markers for fecal source tracking

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Numerous sources can contribute to fecal contamination of water and soil. As many waterborne pathogenic microorganisms are associated with fecal pollution, monitoring such contamination in water quality assessments is of great importance for public health. Indeed, fecal pollution of surface water and groundwater can have a great impact on public health (drinking water) and local economy (agriculture and recreational activities). The microbiological quality of water is primarily monitored using fecal indicator organisms, such as coliforms. However, these indicators do not identify the source of the fecal matter. Several fecal source tracking (FST) methods have been developed to address the issue of host-specific contributions to fecal contamination. Host-specific genetic markers detected by PCR methods indicate the presence of fecal contamination from specific animal species. Most of these genetic markers rely on the presence of microorganisms in the intestinal (fecal) matter that are associated with specific animal host. Despite their number, none of these markers are completely and sufficiently specific and sensitive. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel genetic markers and innovative methods for FST.