Integration of plant responses to multiple stressors over time: interactions between winter and summer

植物对多重胁迫的响应一直是植物研究的一个重要课题，特别是在全球环境变化的背景下。虽然人们一直关注植物对同时发生的胁迫（如干旱和热胁迫）的反应，但胁迫之间的相互作用也可以在时间上顺序发生。在某些情况下，植物对初始胁迫的生理变化可以降低对未来胁迫的脆弱性。然而，与这种“压力记忆”的潜在好处相反，植物对初始压力的反应会降低耐受未来压力的能力。在生长季节的背景下，已经广泛研究了多种压力之间的这种相互作用。与此相反，冬季应力对夏季应力反应的结转影响的研究是缺乏的，尽管在冬季条件的变化，影响植物生长季节的表现显着的潜力。植物对冬季条件变化的反应与夏季的胁迫耐受性之间的协同作用在生态系统背景下进一步复杂化。例如，霜冻不仅有可能损害越冬植物，而且还可能影响土壤微生物、养分供应、土壤物理性质和水分，在检查整体植物反应时，需要考虑这些因素的相互作用。

Response to multiple stresses has been a key topic in plant research, particularly in the context of global environmental change. While there has been a focus on plant responses to stresses that occur simultaneously, such as drought and heat stress, interactions between stresses also can occur sequentially in time. In some cases changes in the physiology of a plant in response to an initial stress can decrease vulnerability to future stress. However, in contrast to the potential benefits of this 'stress memory,' declines in plant condition in response to the initial stress can decrease the ability to tolerate future stress. Such interactions between multiple stresses have been studied extensively in the context of the growing season. In contrast, studies of carryover effects of winter stress on summer stress responses are lacking, despite the potential for variability in winter conditions to influence plant growing season performance substantially. Synergies between plant responses to variability in winter conditions and stress tolerance over summer are further complicated when examined in an ecosystem context. For example, frost not only has the potential to damage overwintering plants, but it also can affect soil microorganisms, nutrient availability, soil physical properties and moisture, and the interactions of these factors need to be accounted for when examining overall plant responses.