Animal community structure and dynamics under cumulative impacts of roads

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Environmental conditions can influence life history traits such as body condition, probability of survival, and reproductive output. For instance, energetic costs resulting from variable environmental conditions such as harsh winter conditions or low habitat quality may force individuals to defer migrations or reproduction to a subsequent year and devote resources to growth instead. The expansion of road networks and the effects of these infrastructures on animal and plant populations have received attention worldwide. Several investigators report high animal mortality rates on roads, but the relationship between these