Tools for estimation of the stability of unsupported trenches extending the mechanics of unsaturated soils

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Soil trenching is extensively used in geotechnical, mining, tunneling and geo-environmental infrastructure activities. Since soil trenching involves excavation work in limited spaces, soil trench failures can directly result in loss of lives. Although several provinces in Canada published guidebooks to emphasize occupational health and safety concerns related to fatalities associated with trench failures, a large number of worker deaths are still reported each year associated with soil trench failure.