An evaluation of alternate fuels for cement kilns

将不可回收的废塑料转移到垃圾填埋场是加拿大水泥窑废物转移和替代燃料使用的双重解决方案。初步实验室试验估计，使用可湿性粉剂作为水泥窑替代燃料时，颗粒物和气体空气污染排放将显着减少。然而，利益攸关方的主要关切是，可湿性粉剂替代燃料在加拿大各地的水泥窑中使用时可能会产生不良排放。这一为期五年的研究计划将包括四个相互关联的主题：（1）最合适的可湿性粉剂替代燃料处理方法;（2）将可湿性粉剂衍生燃料输送到水泥窑的最佳方法;（3）可湿性粉剂衍生燃料对水泥窑烟囱排放的影响;以及（4）估计这些排放对环境空气质量、社区和环境的影响。将进行实验室和现场试验相结合的方法，以确定最佳的可湿性粉剂替代燃料处理和窑炉输送方法。实验室分析将包括WP的完整化学表征。水泥窑烟囱排放特性将在加拿大拉法基公司进行测试。新斯科舍省布鲁克菲尔德的水泥厂，使用WP补充燃料前后。 将在加拿大的其他水泥窑，例如魁北克的圣康斯坦完成进一步的烟囱测试。将在布鲁克菲尔德工厂建立两个环境空气质量监测站，以确定使用WP替代燃料之前和之后窑炉排放对地表空气质量的影响。一个地点将位于水泥窑的上风处，另一个地点将位于下风处。在确定布鲁克菲尔德水泥厂排放物的特征之后，这两个空气质量监测点将搬迁到其他水泥窑。美国环保局AERMOD高斯空气扩散，美国环保局CMAQ和土地利用回归模型将用于模拟社区暴露于加拿大拉法基水泥厂的空气污染排放。美国环保局正矩阵因子受体模型将用于下风向社区水泥厂颗粒物和气体空气排放的源解析。此外，还将利用美国航天局新的对地静止高时空分辨率克里思卫星的遥感测量数据跟踪水泥窑空气污染物的扩散情况。这些最先进的测量、建模和遥感方法将被用于估算加拿大水泥回转窑使用不可回收WP作为替代燃料来源所产生的排放对社区的影响。这项研究有可能将可湿性粉剂从垃圾填埋场转移，以较低的成本提供替代能源，改善顺风社区的空气质量，减少水泥工业对顺风生态系统的影响，并最终帮助缓解气候变化。**

Diverting non-recyclable waste plastic (WP) destined for landfill presents a dual solution to both waste diversion and alternate fuel use in Canadian cement kilns. Preliminary laboratory trials estimate that there would be a significant reduction in particulate and gaseous air pollution emissions when using WP as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. However, there are major concerns by stakeholders that WP alternative fuel may produce undesirable emissions when used in cement kilns across Canada. This five year research program will include four interrelated themes: (1) the most appropriate WP alternative fuel handling methods; (2) the optimum method for delivering WP derived fuel into cement kilns (3) the impact of WP derived fuel on cement kiln stack emissions and (4) estimating the impact of these emissions on ambient air quality, communities and the environment. A combination of laboratory and field trials will be conducted to determine the optimum WP alternative fuel handling and kiln delivery method. Laboratory analysis will include the complete chemical characterization of the WP. Cement kiln stack emission characteristics will be tested at the Lafarge Canada Inc. cement plant in Brookfield, Nova Scotia, before and after WP supplemental fuel usage. Further stack testing would be completed at other cement kilns in Canada, e.g. St. Constant, Quebec. Two ambient air quality monitoring sites would be established at the Brookfield plant to determine the impact of the kiln emissions on surface air quality before and after the use of WP alternative fuel. One site would be located upwind and one downwind of the cement kiln. These two air quality sites would be relocated to other cement kilns after the emissions from the Brookfield cement plant have been characterized. The USEPA AERMOD Gaussian air dispersion, USEPA CMAQ and Land Use Regression models will be used to model community exposure to air pollution emissions from the Lafarge cement plants in Canada. The USEPA Positive Matrix Factorization receptor model will be used for the source apportionment of particulate and gaseous air emissions from the cement plants in downwind communities. In addition, remote sensing measurements from the geostationary, high spatiotemporal resolution, new NASA TEMPO satellite will also be used to track the dispersion of air pollutants from the cement kilns. Together, these state-of-the-art measurements, modelling and remote sensing methodologies will be used to estimate community exposure and impacts on the environment from emissions related to the use of non-recyclable WP as an alternative fuel source in rotary cement kilns in Canada. This research has the potential to divert WP from landfill, provide alternative energy at a reduced cost, improve air quality in downwind communities and reduce the impact of the cement industry on downwind ecosystems and ultimately helping to mitigate climate change. **