Diversity, Specialization & Cooperation: Evolutionary Foundations from Ecosystems to Societies

多样性在自然界中无处不在，而且形态各异。在这里，我们探讨了在进化过程中多样性是如何产生多样性的。基于进化博弈论（evolutionary game theory， EGT），我们从共存、专业化和社会组织三个方面研究了多样性相互作用与多样性产生和维持之间的关系。多样性、合作与社会分层****自然环境以多种并发互动的形式对个体提出了各种挑战。例如，微生物和人类都通过细胞外产品或不断减少的全球资源参与各种公共产品的互动。我们将传统的EGT扩展到多个交互，以确定多态性与交互数量（和类型）的比例，以及描述特定任务专业化产生更大稳定性的条件。然而，在可变大小的有限种群的随机动力学中，性状多样性总是会丢失，除非通过额外的变异来源（如突变或迁移）来维持。这需要发展随机生态进化博弈论和标准来描述基于瞬时配置的进化成功和多样性，以研究社会多样化的根源。不对称相互作用与结构种群****在自然界中，个体可获得的资源通常因环境差异、表型变异或过去积累的盈余等而变化。在这里，我们将EGT扩展到研究不对称相互作用对进化成功和行为特征多样性的影响。特别令人感兴趣的是进化的社会行为，这种行为可以抵消资源不平等以实现公平和平等的结果，或者相反，将平等配置转变为不平等的资源分配，从而导致不对称的互动。这揭示了另一种社会多样化和分层方法的条件。***社会网络是动态的人口结构，捕捉短暂的互动模式，这定义了社会。遵循“形式服从功能”的原则，我们采用了一个基于行为的新框架，包括合作、奖励和惩罚，来探索社会组织的进化起源和复杂社会的形成。行为实验与实证分析****作为一个鼓舞人心的补充，我们研究了人类行为实验中的并发互动，并测试参与者是否成功地协调他们的行为，并专注于不同的任务以获得更有效的结果——这是劳动分工和社会分层的一个重要方面。在大规模的互联网实验中，使用经验数据，我们研究了社会学习和社会网络的动态

Diversity is ubiquitous in nature and comes in all shapes and sizes. Here we explore how diversity begets diversity in evolutionary processes. Based on evolutionary game theory (EGT) we study the relation between diverse interactions and the emergence and maintenance of diversity in terms of co-existence, specialization or social organization.***1. Diversity, Cooperation & Social Stratification****Natural environments pose various challenges to individuals in the form of multiple, concurrent interactions. For example, microbes and humans alike engage in a variety of public goods interactions either through extra-cellular products or dwindling global resources. We extend traditional EGT to multiple interactions in order to determine the scaling of polymorphisms with the number (and types) of interactions as well as to delineate conditions under which specialization in particular tasks yields greater stability. However, for stochastic dynamics in finite populations of variable size, trait diversity is invariably lost, unless maintained by additional sources of variation, such as mutation or migration. This requires developing stochastic eco-evolutionary game theory and criteria to characterize evolutionary success and diversity based on transient configurations, in order to investigate the roots of social diversification.***2. Asymmetric Interactions & Structured Populations****In nature, resources available to individuals typically vary based on environmental differences, phenotypic variation, or surpluses accumulated in the past, etc. Here we extend EGT to study effects of asymmetric interactions on the evolutionary success and diversity of behavioural traits. Of particular interest is evolved social behaviour that offsets resource inequalities to achieve fair and egalitarian outcomes, or, conversely, turns egalitarian configurations into unequal resource distributions, and hence causing asymmetric interactions. This reveals conditions for another approach to social diversification and stratification.***Social networks are dynamical population structures that capture fleeting interaction patterns, which define societies. Following the principle form follows function we employ a novel framework based on actions, including cooperation, reward and punishment, to explore the evolutionary origins of social organization and formation of complex societies.***3. Behavioural Experiments & Empirical Analyses****As an inspiring complement, we study concurrent interactions in human behavioural experiments and test whether participants succeed in coordinating their behaviour and specialize in different tasks to achieve more efficient outcomes - an essential aspect of division of labour as well as social stratification. In large-scale Internet experiments and using empirical data, we investigate social learning and the dynamics of social networks.**