Diversity, Specialization & Cooperation: Evolutionary Foundations from Ecosystems to Societies

多样性在自然界中无处不在，有各种形状和大小。在这里，我们探索多样性如何在进化过程中产生多样性。基于进化博弈论，我们从共存、专业化或社会组织的角度研究了多样性互动与多样性的产生和维持之间的关系。*1.多样性、合作与社会分层*自然环境以多重并行互动的形式对个体提出了各种挑战。例如，微生物和人类都参与了各种公共产品的相互作用，要么是通过细胞外产品，要么是通过不断减少的全球资源。我们将传统的EGT扩展到多个交互，以便确定多态与交互的数量(和类型)的比例，以及描述特定任务的专门化产生更大稳定性的条件。然而，对于可变大小的有限种群中的随机动态，除非通过其他变异来源(如突变或迁移)来保持，否则特征多样性总是会丢失。这需要发展随机生态进化博弈论和标准来描述基于瞬时配置的进化成功和多样性，以探索社会多样化的根源。*2.不对称相互作用和结构化种群*在自然界中，个体可用的资源通常根据环境差异、表型变异或过去积累的盈余等而变化。在这里，我们扩展EGT来研究不对称相互作用对进化成功和行为特征多样性的影响。特别令人感兴趣的是，演变出的社会行为抵消了资源不平等，以实现公平和平等的结果，或者相反，将平等主义的配置转变为不平等的资源分配，从而导致不对称的互动。这揭示了另一种社会多样化和分层的方法的条件。*社会网络是动态的人口结构，它捕捉到了短暂的互动模式，这些模式定义了社会。遵循形式服从功能的原则，我们采用了一个基于行动的新框架，包括合作、奖励和惩罚，来探索社会组织和复杂社会形成的进化起源。*3.行为实验和实证分析*作为鼓舞人心的补充，我们研究了人类行为实验中的并发交互作用，并测试参与者是否成功地协调了他们的行为，并专门从事不同的任务以实现更有效的结果--这是劳动分工和社会分层的一个基本方面。在大规模的互联网实验中，我们使用经验数据研究了社交学习和社交网络的动态。

Diversity is ubiquitous in nature and comes in all shapes and sizes. Here we explore how diversity begets diversity in evolutionary processes. Based on evolutionary game theory (EGT) we study the relation between diverse interactions and the emergence and maintenance of diversity in terms of co-existence, specialization or social organization.***1. Diversity, Cooperation & Social Stratification****Natural environments pose various challenges to individuals in the form of multiple, concurrent interactions. For example, microbes and humans alike engage in a variety of public goods interactions either through extra-cellular products or dwindling global resources. We extend traditional EGT to multiple interactions in order to determine the scaling of polymorphisms with the number (and types) of interactions as well as to delineate conditions under which specialization in particular tasks yields greater stability. However, for stochastic dynamics in finite populations of variable size, trait diversity is invariably lost, unless maintained by additional sources of variation, such as mutation or migration. This requires developing stochastic eco-evolutionary game theory and criteria to characterize evolutionary success and diversity based on transient configurations, in order to investigate the roots of social diversification.***2. Asymmetric Interactions & Structured Populations****In nature, resources available to individuals typically vary based on environmental differences, phenotypic variation, or surpluses accumulated in the past, etc. Here we extend EGT to study effects of asymmetric interactions on the evolutionary success and diversity of behavioural traits. Of particular interest is evolved social behaviour that offsets resource inequalities to achieve fair and egalitarian outcomes, or, conversely, turns egalitarian configurations into unequal resource distributions, and hence causing asymmetric interactions. This reveals conditions for another approach to social diversification and stratification.***Social networks are dynamical population structures that capture fleeting interaction patterns, which define societies. Following the principle form follows function we employ a novel framework based on actions, including cooperation, reward and punishment, to explore the evolutionary origins of social organization and formation of complex societies.***3. Behavioural Experiments & Empirical Analyses****As an inspiring complement, we study concurrent interactions in human behavioural experiments and test whether participants succeed in coordinating their behaviour and specialize in different tasks to achieve more efficient outcomes - an essential aspect of division of labour as well as social stratification. In large-scale Internet experiments and using empirical data, we investigate social learning and the dynamics of social networks.**