Effects of multiple stressors on littoral habitat and lake ecosystems

湖泊和河流为我们提供了许多生态服务，从饮用水到娱乐机会。它们也被认为是地球上受人类影响最大的生态系统之一。然而，长期（几十年或更长时间）的环境数据很少能作为评价人类引起的生态系统变化的基准，因此需要古生态数据来评估人类对水生生态系统的干扰。湖泊的近岸沿岸地带往往是湖泊形成最早、受影响最严重的地区。因此，将具有生态影响和多样性的近岸沿岸环境的响应纳入我们对水生生态系统变化的理解是很重要的。在温带湖泊中，近岸岸带的一个决定性特征是淹没的植物床（大型植物）。大型植物床是湖泊中生物多样性最丰富的区域之一，是过多营养物质的汇，是包括顶级捕食者在内的许多动物的重要栖息地，并增强生态系统的恢复能力。我们对人类如何改变大型植物床的理解大部分来自于对浅层（最大深度）的研究

Lakes and rivers provide us many ecological services, from drinking water to recreation opportunities. They are also considered among the most human-impacted ecosystems on the planet. Long-term (multi-decadal or longer) environmental data, however, are rarely available as a benchmark to evaluate human-induced ecosystem changes and therefore paleoecological data are needed to assess human disturbance to aquatic ecosystems. The near-shore littoral zone of lakes is often the earliest and most severely impacted region of a lake. Because of this, it is important that we integrate the response of the ecologically influential and diverse near-shore littoral environment into our understanding of aquatic ecosystem change. In temperate lakes, one of the defining features of the near-shore littoral zone are submerged plant beds (macrophytes). Macrophyte beds are among the most biodiverse areas in lakes, are sinks for excessive nutrients, serve as important habitat for numerous animals including top predators, and enhance ecosystem resilience. Much of our understanding of how humans alter macrophyte beds comes from studies on shallow (max depth