The field behavior of catastrophic mass flows; hazard assessment and geomorphic impact

该研究调查全球发生，现场行为和地貌的影响，灾难性的质量流。灾难性物质流（CMF）涉及分解的地球物质（包括冰川冰）的快速移动，是世界许多地区的严重自然灾害。它们包括岩石雪崩、冰川雪崩、泥石流、泥石流和泥石流。CMF经常由地震和暴雨触发;在山区冰冻圈，它们也由变暖事件触发。CMF具有潜在的破坏性;它们的现场行为的特点是在各种地形（包括非常浅的斜坡和河道）上的高速度（> 5米/秒）和长跳动。值得注意的是，CMF的发生以复杂的过程链为特征，其中初始运动由于体积、材料类型的变化或在其行程中添加水而转变为不同类型的运动。由于CMF的这些特点，在危害评估中提出了挑战。**CMF是世界许多地区景观开发的重要因素，在某些环境中是地形减少的主要因素。利用对数字地形数据、航空照片和卫星图像的分析以及实地观察，目的是i）探索CMF在一系列地质环境中的实地特征和行为，ii）调查CMF在各种景观中的地貌影响，iii）绘制CMF过程链的结构和行为，iv）开发CMF的特定振幅-时间频率关系，以及v）开发对CMF能量学的新见解。将特别关注山地景观（青藏高原和麦肯齐山脉）中的岩石雪崩、沉积物储存景观（圣劳伦斯低地（加拿大东部）、和平河地区（不列颠哥伦比亚省）和黄土高原（中国甘肃省））中的滑坡以及残留土壤（巴西里约热内卢州）中的快速物质运动。** 基于先前NSERC资助的灾难性山体滑坡研究，这项工作涉及7名研究生（3名硕士和4名博士），他们将接受灾难性山体滑坡分析，大规模地貌学和高分辨率分析遥感的专业培训。每个学生将解决在研究计划中确定的工作目标，参加至少一个主要的地球科学会议，并提交给同行评审的期刊的科学论文的主要作者的贡献。这些专家将利用其专长，为解决加拿大在自然灾害评估和地球观测领域严重缺乏高素质专业人员的问题作出贡献。学生将接受适当的培训，担任加拿大工程和遥感领域的高级专业职位，对于博士生，则将接受加拿大大学的学术职位。********

The study investigates the global occurrence, field behaviour and geomorphic impact of catastrophic mass flows. Catastrophic mass flows (CMF) involve the rapid movement of disaggregated earth materials (including glacier ice) and are critical natural hazards in many parts of the world. They include rock avalanches, glacier avalanches, debris avalanches, debris flows, flowslides, and debris floods. CMF are frequently triggered by earthquakes and heavy rains; in the mountain cryosphere they are also triggered by warming events. CMF are potentially destructive; their field behaviour is characterised by high velocity (>5m/s) and long-runout over a range of topography, including very shallow slopes and river channels. Notably, the occurrence of CMF is characterised by complex process chains in which an initial movement is transformed into a different type of movement due to changes in volume, material type, or the addition of water in its travel. Because of these characteristics CMF present challenges in hazard assessment. ******CMF are important agents of landscape development in many regions of the world and in some environments are the main agent of relief reduction. Utilising the analysis of digital topographic data, aerial photographs and satellite images together with field observations, it is intended to i) explore the field characteristics and behaviour of CMF in a range of geologic environments, ii) investigate the geomorphic impact of CMF in a variety of landscapes, iii) map the architecture and behaviour of CMF process chains, iv) develop landscape-specific magnitude-temporal frequency relations for CMF, and v) develop new insight into CMF energetics.. The characterisation of rock avalanches in mountain landscapes (Tibetan Plateau and Mackenzie Mountains), flowslides in sediment-storage landscapes (St. Lawrence Lowlands (Eastern Canada), Peace River region (British Columbia) and Loess Plateau (Gansu Province, China)), and rapid mass movements in residual soils (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) will form a special focus. ******Building on previous NSERC-funded research on catastrophic landslides, the work involves 7 graduate students (3 MSc and 4 PhD) who will receive specialist training in the analysis of catastrophic landslides, landscape-scale geomorphology, and high-resolution analytical remote sensing. Each student will address a working objective identified in the research proposal, participate in at least one major geoscience conference, and make key lead-author contributions to scientific papers submitted to peer-reviewed journals. With their niche-expertise, these specialists will contribute to meeting Canada's critical shortage of highly-qualified professionals in the fields of natural hazard assessment and earth observation. The students will be suitably trained for senior professional positions in the Canadian engineering and remote sensing sectors and, in the case of the PhD students, for academic positions at Canadian universities. ********