Incidental and Intentional Encoding of Associative Information in Human Memory

所提出的研究涉及对项目信息（单个事件的表征）和联想信息（事件之间关系的表征）的记忆。在项目之间形成新的联系是建立和扩展知识结构的一个基本方面。单个条目之间以及条目与其上下文之间的关联在检索存储信息中也起着关键作用。因此，新关联的编码和检索是成功记忆功能的一个重要方面。***建议进行两组研究。第一个描述了对待记忆项目与其背景图片上下文之间关联的检查（例如，Hockley, 2008）。项目-语境关联的有意编码和偶然编码将在相同和不同语境下的项目识别测试中间接检验，并在联想识别和联想恢复（配对识别）测试中直接检验。在第二个系列的研究中，将评估单个项目之间的联想记忆。这些研究将包括随机词对、分类词对（如小提琴-吉他）和实验前联想词对（如海鲜），以评估实验前和实验前熟悉度和统一程度对联想记忆的影响，并将比较是-否和强迫选择联想识别的表现。***提出的研究以一般的双过程解释为指导，其中假设识别决策可以基于对先前经验的特定细节的回忆，或者在没有回忆的情况下基于更分散的熟悉感（例如，Joordens Vokey & Hockley, 2012）。由于联想识别被认为主要基于回忆，双过程理论已经在很大程度上被评估用于项目识别（例如，Hockley & Cristi, 1999）。然而，最近的研究表明，当联想被统一时，联想识别也可以基于熟悉度（例如，Ahmad & Hockley, 2014）。本研究的短期研究目标是探讨熟悉度和回忆在关联信息的偶然编码和有意编码的联想识别中的作用。所提出的研究也对记忆和衰老具有应用意义，因为老年人在编码联想信息方面遇到更大的困难，而且他们也在更大程度上依赖于熟悉度（例如，Ahmad, Fernandes, & Hockley, 2015）。我的长期研究目标是建立一个原则性的、统一的关于项目信息和联想信息识别记忆的双过程描述

The proposed research concerns memory for item information (the representation of individual events) and associative information (the representation of relations between events). Forming new associations between items is a fundamental aspect of building and expanding knowledge structures. Associations between individual items, and between items and their context, also play a critical role in the retrieval of stored information. Therefore, the encoding and retrieval of new associations is an essential aspect of successful memory function.*** Two series of studies are proposed. The first describes examinations of associations between to-be-remembered items and their background picture contexts (e.g., Hockley, 2008). The intentional and incidental encoding of item-context associations will be examined indirectly in tests of item recognition in same versus different contexts, and directly in tests of associative recognition and associative reinstatement (pair recognition). In the second series of studies, associative memory between individual items will be assessed. These studies will include random word pairs, and word pairs with categorical (e.g., violin-guitar), and pre-experimental (e.g., sea-food) associations in order to evaluate the influences of experimental and pre-experimental familiarity and degree of unitization on associative memory, and will compare yes-no and forced-choice associative recognition performance.*** The proposed studies are guided by a general dual-process account in which it is assumed that recognition decisions can be based on the recollection of specific details of a prior experience, or on a more diffuse sense of familiarity in the absence of recollection (e.g., Joordens Vokey & Hockley, 2012). Dual process theory has largely been assessed for item recognition as associative recognition has been assumed to be principally based on recollection (e.g., Hockley & Cristi, 1999). More recently, however, it has been shown that associative recognition can also be based on familiarity when associations are unitized (e.g., Ahmad & Hockley, 2014). The short-term research goals of the proposed studies are to examine the roles of familiarity and recollection in associative recognition for both the incidental and intentional encoding of relational information. The proposed studies also have applied implications for memory and aging as older adults experience greater difficulty in encoding associative information and they also rely to a greater extent on familiarity (e.g., Ahmad, Fernandes, & Hockley, 2015). My long-term research goal is to develop a principled and unified dual-process account of recognition memory for both item and associative information.**