Energy, emissions and economic implications of distributed generation, smart grids, super energy efficient houses and electric cars in Canada

为了降低能源成本，减少对化石燃料的依赖，减少温室气体和其他有害气体的排放，政府、电力供应商和房主越来越多地追求和支持可再生能源，以及基于热电联产的分布式发电和供热选择，以及智能电网解决方案，以最大限度地提高分布式发电的效益。与这些发展相平行的是对具有智能电器和电动/混合动力汽车的超级节能住宅的兴趣日益增加。在接下来的二十年里，根据所采取的政策和战略，这些新技术的扩散有可能改变加拿大的能源供需格局。 拟议的研究项目有两个目标，旨在促进加拿大住宅部门先进能源技术和战略的技术经济评价： 1.开发住宅规模储能系统的分钟尺度时间步长模型;储能和电器控制系统和方案;以及分钟尺度电器负载曲线; 2.开发一个全面的技术经济建模工具，并使用该工具来调查加拿大住宅部门的分布式发电，智能电网，超级节能房屋和电动汽车的能源，排放和经济影响。 建模工具将基于加拿大混合住宅最终用途能源和温室气体排放模型（CHREM）的扩展和更新版本，并纳入开发的新模型。CHREM由申请人及其研究生开发和验证。CHREM包括近17，000所房屋，在统计上代表了2003年的加拿大住房存量（CHS），并利用高分辨率的建筑能源模拟程序作为其模拟引擎。CHREM能够以分钟级的时间步长模拟住宅规模的太阳能和热电联产技术，蓄热系统和建筑围护结构选项的性能。它是现存的最复杂和最通用的住宅能源和排放模型。 为了实现这些目标，CHREM将使用EnerGuide for Houses数据库和统计数据中的新数据进行更新，以代表当前的CHS，并通过开发和添加新的电动汽车充电模型，每个主要电器的住宅电力负荷曲线，电能和热能存储系统，包括汽车电池，以及由智能电网和智能电表技术促进的电器和热/电存储控制方案。 将利用新的和扩大的CHREM制定和评估一系列适合加拿大情况的情景，以评估选定情景的能源、排放和经济绩效以及电力需求和消费特点。

In an effort to reduce energy costs, reliance on fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse and other harmful gasses, governments, electricity suppliers and home-owners are increasingly pursuing and supporting renewable energy, and cogeneration based distributed electricity and heat generation options, as well as smart-grid solutions to maximize the benefits of distributed generation. Parallel with these developments is the increasing interest in super energy efficient houses with smart appliances and electric/hybrid cars. In the next two decades, depending on the policies and strategies adopted, the proliferation of these new technologies has the potential to transform the energy supply and demand landscape in Canada.  The proposed research project has two objectives that aim to facilitate the technoeconomic evaluation of advanced energy technologies and strategies for the Canadian residential sector:  1. to develop minute-scale time step models for residential-scale energy storage systems; energy storage and appliance control systems and schemes; and minute-scale appliance load curves;  2. to develop a comprehensive techno-economic modeling tool and use that tool to investigate the energy, emissions and economic implications of distributed generation, smart grids, super energy efficient houses and electric cars in the Canadian residential sector.  The modeling tool will be based on an expanded and updated version of the Canadian Hybrid Residential End-Use Energy and GHG Emissions Model (CHREM) and incorporate the new models developed. CHREM was developed and validated by the applicant and his graduate students. CHREM consists of close to 17,000 houses statistically representative of the Canadian housing stock (CHS) as of 2003, and utilizes a high-resolution building energy simulation program as its simulation engine. CHREM is capable of simulating the performance of residential scale solar and cogeneration technologies, thermal storage systems and building envelope options at minute-scale time steps. It is the most sophisticated and versatile residential energy and emissions model in existence. To achieve the objectives CHREM will be updated to be representative of the current CHS using new data available from the EnerGuide for Houses database and statistical data, and expanded by developing and adding new models for electric vehicle charging, residential electricity load curves for each major appliance, electrical and thermal energy storage systems, including car batteries, and appliance and thermal/electrical storage control schemes facilitated by smart-grid and smart-meter technologies.  A series of scenarios suitable for the Canadian context will be developed and evaluated using the new and expanded CHREM to assess the energy, emissions and economic performance of the selected scenarios as well as the electricity demand and consumption characteristics.