Environmental change, seasonal interactions, and demographic responses of arctic-breeding birds

环境变化、季节性相互作用和北极繁殖鸟类的人口反应

• 批准号: RGPIN-2017-06391
• 负责人: Smith, Paul
• 金额: $ 1.49万
• 依托单位: Carleton University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2020-01-01 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=711533
• 关键词: Environmental; change; seasonal; interactions; demographic

Many shorebird species travel the length of the hemisphere from breeding grounds in the Arctic to wintering grounds in Central and South America. The conditions they encounter throughout the annual cycle can have interactive and profound influences on behaviour, physiological condition and ultimately demography. These seasonal interactions, or carry-over effects, can explain patterns that would be inexplicable at any one site in isolation and are increasingly viewed as important determinants of demographic processes. The harsh and unpredictable breeding conditions of the Arctic provide substantial variation with which to test hypotheses about seasonal interactions. This, coupled with arctic-breeding shorebirds' use of a restricted set of stopover sites during migration, makes for an ideal system within which to study the role of carry-over effects. My long-term research objective is to understand the times and locations at which populations of arctic birds are limited. Carry-over effects among seasons may play a crucial role in these demographic constraints. This proposal explores 1) how life history and individual behaviour influence the timing of arrival to the breeding grounds, body condition upon arrival and timing of breeding, 2) whether and how energetic constraints during the breeding season translate into fitness costs and 3) how environmental conditions at staging sites, including extreme weather events, can influence the timing of migration and birds' survival through the migratory phase. Collectively, these projects contribute to an understanding of shorebirds' population regulation throughout the annual cycle. The progression from site-based studies to whole-life-cycle modelling represents an important paradigm shift for ecologists in North America. The links among phases of the annual cycle are both fertile ground for scientific exploration and of substantial relevance for conservation. In North America and around the globe, long-distance migrants are declining more than other bird species. This pattern extends to shorebirds, most of which are declining and some of which have been recently listed under Species at Risk programs in Canada and the United States. A more complete understanding of seasonal interactions could better inform the management of these species by identifying the time periods and locations where conservation action is most urgently needed.

许多滨鸟物种从北极的繁殖地到中美洲和南美洲的越冬地穿越整个半球。 他们在整个年度周期中遇到的条件可以对行为、生理状况和最终人口统计产生互动和深刻的影响。 这些季节性的相互作用或遗留效应可以解释在任何一个孤立地点都无法解释的模式，并日益被视为人口过程的重要决定因素。 北极恶劣和不可预测的繁殖条件提供了大量的变化，以测试有关季节性相互作用的假设。 这一点，加上北极繁殖的滨鸟在迁徙过程中使用有限的一组中途停留地点，使得一个理想的系统，在其中研究结转效应的作用。 我的长期研究目标是了解北极鸟类数量有限的时间和地点。 季节之间的结转效应可能在这些人口制约因素中发挥至关重要的作用。 该提案探讨了1）生活史和个体行为如何影响到达繁殖地的时间，到达时的身体状况和繁殖时间，2）繁殖季节期间的能量限制是否以及如何转化为健身成本，以及3）中转地点的环境条件，包括极端天气事件，可以影响迁徙的时间和鸟类在迁徙阶段的生存。总的来说，这些项目有助于了解滨鸟在整个年度周期中的种群调节。 从基于站点的研究到全生命周期建模的进展代表了北美生态学家的重要范式转变。 年周期各阶段之间的联系既是科学探索的沃土，又与保护具有重大意义。 在北美和地球仪周围，长距离迁徙的鸟类数量比其他鸟类减少得更多。 这种模式延伸到滨鸟，其中大多数正在下降，其中一些最近已被列入加拿大和美国的濒危物种计划。 更全面地了解季节性相互作用，可以通过确定最迫切需要采取保护行动的时间段和地点，更好地为这些物种的管理提供信息。