Synthetic aviation turbine fuel: Key property relationships

在加拿大，有一种动力是用可再生材料或废料生产航空涡轮燃料（喷气燃料），以增加从石油生产的喷气燃料。用石油以外的原料生产的喷气燃料称为合成喷气燃料。从可再生或废弃材料中生产的煤油，要符合合成航空燃料的混合成分，必须同时满足相应的航空燃料规格和合成航空燃料的附加规格要求。从可再生材料或废弃材料中生产出来的油总是需要进一步精炼才能满足这些要求。需要进一步精炼的程度并不总是很清楚，因为对于所有关键的喷气燃料特性，组成和体积特性之间的关系尚未建立。本研究旨在为两个关键的喷气燃料特性：冻结开始和低温粘度建立一个基于成分的关系。之所以关注冻结和低温粘度的开始，是因为没有可靠的预测方法可用于这些性质。由于不知道其组成如何影响这些特性，因此很难预测在更广泛的煤油馏分中，什么沸腾范围的物质可以被认为包含在合成喷气燃料中。这也使得制定适当的精炼策略以将可再生和废弃材料中的油转化为符合规格的合成喷气燃料混合成分变得困难。接下来的方法是通过实验测量各种煤油混合物的冻结和低温粘度，然后用类似于Cookson， Lloyd和Smith（能源燃料1987,1,438 -447）提出的石油衍生喷气燃料的方法将其与成分联系起来。本工作将考虑两种不同类型的煤油范围材料：(i)模型混合物和（ii）合成煤油，即从可再生材料和/或废物转化过程中获得的煤油范围材料。模型混合物将用于探测特定的成分-性质关系。例如，当正构烷烃与异构烷烃的比例（或环构烷烃的比例）发生变化时，确定其性质的变化。在这些情况下，组合是已知的，组合是一个被操纵的变量。合成煤油将被用来证明组成-性质关系是稳健、有效的，并且可以应用于相关的真实煤油。

In Canada there is a drive to augment aviation turbine fuel (jet fuel) production from petroleum with jet fuel production from renewable or waste materials. Jet fuel produced from feed material other than petroleum is called synthetic jet fuel. For kerosene produced from renewable or waste materials to qualify as blending components to produce synthetic jet fuel, it must meet the appropriate specifications for both jet fuel and the additional specification requirements for synthetic jet fuel. The oil produced from renewable or waste materials invariably requires further refining to meet those specifications. The extent to which further refining is required is not always clear, because the relationship between composition and bulk properties is not established for all key jet fuel properties. This study aims to develop a composition-based relationship for two of the key jet fuel properties: onset of freezing and low temperature viscosity. The reason for focusing on onset of freezing and cryogenic viscosity is because there are no reliable predictive methods available for those properties. Not knowing how composition affects these properties, makes it difficult to predict what boiling range of material in the broader kerosene fraction can be considered for inclusion in synthetic jet fuel. It also makes it difficult to devise appropriate refining strategies for converting oil from renewable and waste materials into on-specification blending components for synthetic jet fuel. The approach that will be followed is to experimentally measure onset of freezing and cryogenic viscosity for a variety of kerosene range mixtures and then relate those to composition in a way analogous to what was proposed by Cookson, Lloyd and Smith (Energy Fuels 1987, 1, 438-447) for petroleum-derived jet fuels. Two different types of kerosene range materials will be considered in this work: (i) model mixtures, and (ii) synthetic kerosenes, i.e. kerosene range material derived from processes for the conversion of renewable and/or waste materials. Model mixtures will be used to probe specific composition-property relationships. For example, to determine the change in properties as n-alkane to iso-alkane ratio (or cycloalkane ratio) is changed. In these instances the composition would be known and composition would be a manipulated variable. Synthetic kerosenes will be used to demonstrate that the composition-property relationships are robust, valid and can be applied to relevant to real kerosenes.