Synthetic aviation turbine fuel: Key property relationships

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In Canada there is a drive to augment aviation turbine fuel (jet fuel) production from petroleum with jet fuel production from renewable or waste materials. Jet fuel produced from feed material other than petroleum is called synthetic jet fuel. For kerosene produced from renewable or waste materials to qualify as blending components to produce synthetic jet fuel, it must meet the appropriate specifications for both jet fuel and the additional specification requirements for synthetic jet fuel. The oil produced from renewable or waste materials invariably requires further refining to meet those specifications. The extent to which further refining is required is not always clear, because the relationship between composition and bulk properties is not established for all key jet fuel properties. This study aims to develop a composition-based relationship for two of the key jet fuel properties: onset of freezing and low temperature viscosity. The reason for focusing on onset of freezing and cryogenic viscosity is because there are no reliable predictive methods available for those properties. Not knowing how composition affects these properties, makes it difficult to predict what boiling range of material in the broader kerosene fraction can be considered for inclusion in synthetic jet fuel. It also makes it difficult to devise appropriate refining strategies for converting oil from renewable and waste materials into on-specification blending components for synthetic jet fuel. The approach that will be followed is to experimentally measure onset of freezing and cryogenic viscosity for a variety of kerosene range mixtures and then relate those to composition in a way analogous to what was proposed by Cookson, Lloyd and Smith (Energy Fuels 1987, 1, 438-447) for petroleum-derived jet fuels. Two different types of kerosene range materials will be considered in this work: (i) model mixtures, and (ii) synthetic kerosenes, i.e. kerosene range material derived from processes for the conversion of renewable and/or waste materials. Model mixtures will be used to probe specific composition-property relationships. For example, to determine the change in properties as n-alkane to iso-alkane ratio (or cycloalkane ratio) is changed. In these instances the composition would be known and composition would be a manipulated variable. Synthetic kerosenes will be used to demonstrate that the composition-property relationships are robust, valid and can be applied to relevant to real kerosenes.