Churning the deep: ocean mixing by breaking internal waves

通过研究海洋混合背后的物理学，这个拟议的研究计划将解决数值气候模拟和预测领域的一个关键的不确定性。海洋混合发生的尺度太小，无法在全球气候模式中明确解决，因此，混合的影响必须通过基于物理的模式或参数化来间接表示。气候模式对参数化混合的分布极为敏感，而如何表示海洋混合的不确定性限制了我们准确预测和适应未来气候变化的能力。海洋混合的时空分布主要是由内波的耗散决定的，内波通过海洋内部的密度界面传播，并通过破裂消散，就像海滩上的波浪一样。这项研究计划的重点是由风和潮汐驱动的内波混合，因为这些过程的参数化仍然不完整，只能部分解释不同的动力机制，如下所述。该计划有三个目标。首先是利用数值模型探索沿海地区潮汐驱动内波的生命周期，重点是北美西海岸。这项工作将强调了解内部潮汐在何时何地消散并在海岸混合，目标是开发用于气候模型的参数化。第二个目标将利用在大西洋、太平洋和南大洋进行的多年系泊观测，研究由风驱动的内波在开阔海域消散的深度。理论和数值模型将与观测一起使用，以了解这些动态不同区域从强迫到耗散的能量路径。最后，本研究计划的第三个目标是了解苏格兰大陆架上风和潮汐的海洋混合，这是一个容易到达的大潮汐和风强迫的沿海环境。该地区的历史和正在进行的数据收集为探索这些过程提供了一个大型数据集。这一目标还将涉及海洋混合对海洋生物学的作用，有助于了解维持该区域重要商业渔业的过程。这项研究的预期结果有助于我们了解全球海洋中海洋混合发生的方式和地点，并有助于开发新的参数化，这将提高全球气候模式的准确性，使我们能够更有信心地预测加拿大和全球的未来变化。在接下来的五年里，该项目将培养三名研究生和四名荣誉学生，发展他们在应用物理、数值和计算分析以及海洋学方面的技能。

By investigating the physics behind ocean mixing, this proposed research program will address a key uncertainty in the field of numerical climate modeling and prediction. Ocean mixing occurs at scales that are too small to be explicitly resolved in global climate models, and as a result the influence of mixing must be represented indirectly, by physically based models, or parametrizations. Climate models are extremely sensitive to the distribution of parametrized mixing, and uncertainties in how to represent ocean mixing limit our ability to accurately predict and adapt to future changes in climate. The spatial and temporal distributions of ocean mixing is mostly determined by the dissipation of internal waves, waves that propagate across density interfaces in the ocean's interior and dissipate by breaking, much like waves at the beach. The focus of this proposed research program is on mixing by wind- and tide-driven internal waves, as parametrizations for these processes remain incomplete, only partially accounting for different dynamical regimes, as described below. The program has three objectives. The first is to explore the lifecycles of tidally-driven internal waves in coastal regions using numerical models, with an emphasis on the west coast of North America. This work will emphasize understanding when and where internal tides are dissipated and mix at the coast, with the goal of developing a parametrization for use in climate models. The depths at which wind-driven internal waves dissipate in the open ocean will be studied for the second objective, using multi-year moored observations from the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern Oceans. Theory and numerical models will be used with the observations to understand energy pathways from forcing to dissipation in these dynamically distinct regions. Finally, the third objective of this research program is to understand ocean mixing by the winds and tides on the Scotian Shelf, a conveniently accessible coastal environment with large tides and wind forcing. Historical and ongoing data collection in this region provides a large dataset for exploring these processes. This objective will additionally address the role of ocean mixing on ocean biology, contributing to an understanding of the processes that sustain the commercially important fisheries in the region. Anticipated outcomes of this research are contributions to our understanding of how and where ocean mixing occurs in the global ocean, and the development of new parametrizations that will increase the accuracy of global climate models, enabling us to forecast future changes both in Canada and globally with greater confidence. Over the next five years, this program will train three graduate students and four honours students, developing their skills in applied physics, numerical and computational analysis and oceanography.