Novel methodologies to establish injury limits and surrogates to assess trauma risk for high rate impact loading to males and females

在工业(体育、汽车、国防)中，通过结合损伤耐受性数据(来自身体标本)和机械替代品(拟人测试设备，ATDS)来评估保护设备和伤害风险。从历史上看，伤害限制过于简单化；因此，我们需要更多地关注我们对不同个体如何应对冲击负荷以及如何最好地保护他们的理解。目前的ATD在表示身体对撞击的反应方面能力有限，而且它们可以预测的损伤类型也受到限制。为了防止毁灭性的骨折，需要更好地了解损伤机制，以及适当的替代品以转化为行业。这项研究计划的长期目标是通过开发新的评估方法来量化损伤，并增强替代方法来代表损伤，从而从机理上理解生物组织的高比率撞击损伤。目前的提案将重点放在装甲钝挫伤(BABT)背后的一种独特且鲜为人知的受伤情景上。弹道撞击可能会给警察和士兵造成毁灭性的伤害。虽然现代装甲(防弹衣、防弹盾)在很大程度上可以有效地阻止投射物，但传递的大量能量会导致巨大的变形，对使用者的身体造成创伤。对于上肢(与防弹盾牌接触)，没有标准或替代物来评估风险，目前的躯干标准(在防弹衣后面)过于简化为单一的最大变形限制。此外，还没有已知的研究考察不同体型的男性和女性在这方面的差异。因此，存在着对改进的伤害指标和评估这些风险的工具的明显和实质性的需求。这项建议有三个短期目标：(I)使用新的数学关系表征各种尺寸的男性和女性的伤害风险，(Ii)利用新的传感技术开发新的生物保真替代品，用于伤害风险评估，以及(Iii)创建用于肋骨和胸骨骨折实验室测试的创新机械替代品。这项工作在评估对人体的伤害风险方面代表了几个新的东西。通过研究生物因素之间的复杂关系及其对骨折的影响，我们将减少创建损伤极限所需的样本数量，减少变异性，并提高新指标的准确性。将开发创新的新型ATD，以确保在广泛的伤害情况下进行适当的负载传输和测量。最后，一种调查躯干骨折的新方法将使我们能够制定更好的标准，以保护警察和士兵免受这些毁灭性伤害。这项建议将能够及时研究男性和女性的受伤风险，最终导致对骨折力学的基本了解得到改善，并为加拿大警察和武装部队提供更好的保护标准。

Protective devices and injury risk are evaluated in industry (sports, automotive, defense) through combining injury tolerance data (from cadaveric specimens) and mechanical surrogates (Anthropomorphic Test Devices, ATDs). Injury limits have historically been oversimplified; as such, our understanding of how different individuals respond to impact loads, and how best to protect them, needs greater attention. Current ATDs are limited in their ability to represent the response of the body to impact and are restricted in the types of injuries they can predict. To prevent devastating fractures, better insight into injury mechanisms is needed, along with appropriate surrogates for translation to industry. The long-term objective of this research program is to create a mechanistic understanding of high rate impact injury of biological tissues by developing novel evaluation methods to quantify injuries, and enhanced surrogates to represent them. The current proposal will focus on a unique and poorly understood injury scenario, behind armour blunt trauma (BABT). Ballistic impacts can cause devastating injuries to police and soldiers. While modern armour (body armour, ballistic shields) is largely effective at stopping projectiles, the significant energy transferred leads to large deformations, causing trauma to the user's body. For the upper limb (in contact with ballistic shields) no standards or surrogates exist to evaluate risk, and current standards for the torso (behind body armour) are oversimplified as a single maximum deformation limit. Furthermore, no known studies have examined how these may differ for males and females of various sizes. As such, there exists a clear and substantial need for both improved injury metrics and tools to assess these risks. This proposal has three short-term objectives: (i) characterize injury risk for males and females of a range of sizes using new mathematical relationships, (ii) develop novel biofidelic surrogates with new sensing technologies for injury risk evaluations, and (iii) create an innovative mechanical surrogate for lab testing of rib and sternum fractures. This work represents several novelties in assessing injury risk to the human body. By investigating the complex relationships among biological factors and their influence on fracture we will reduce the number of specimens required to create injury limits, decreasing variability, and improving accuracy of new metrics. Innovative new ATDs will be developed to ensure appropriate load transmission and measurement for a broad range of injurious scenarios. Finally, a novel approach to investigating torso fractures will allow us to develop better standards to protect police and soldiers from these devastating injuries. This proposal will enable timely research on injury risk for males and females, ultimately leading to an improved fundamental understanding of fracture mechanics and better protective standards for Canadian police and Armed Forces.