Novel methodologies to establish injury limits and surrogates to assess trauma risk for high rate impact loading to males and females

通过结合伤害耐受性数据（来自尸体标本）和机械替代品（拟人化测试设备，ATDs），评估工业（体育，汽车，国防）中的保护装置和伤害风险。伤病限制历来被过分简化；因此，我们对不同个体如何应对冲击载荷以及如何最好地保护他们的理解需要更多的关注。目前的ATDs在反映身体对撞击的反应方面的能力有限，在预测损伤类型方面也受到限制。为了防止破坏性骨折，需要更好地了解损伤机制，以及适合工业应用的替代方法。本研究计划的长期目标是通过开发新的评估方法来量化损伤，并增强替代物来代表它们，从而建立对生物组织高速率撞击损伤的机制理解。目前的建议将集中在一个独特的和知之甚少的伤害场景，背后的装甲钝性创伤（BABT）。弹道撞击会对警察和士兵造成毁灭性的伤害。虽然现代装甲（防弹衣，弹道护盾）在阻止射弹方面非常有效，但巨大的能量转移会导致巨大的变形，对使用者的身体造成创伤。对于上肢（与弹道盾牌接触），没有标准或替代品来评估风险，而目前的躯干（在防弹衣后面）标准过于简化为单一的最大变形限制。此外，没有已知的研究调查了不同体型的雄性和雌性的这些差异。因此，我们明显需要改进损伤指标和评估这些风险的工具。该提案有三个短期目标：(i)使用新的数学关系表征不同尺寸的男性和女性的损伤风险；（ii）开发新的生物替代品，采用新的传感技术进行损伤风险评估；（iii）创建一种创新的机械替代品，用于肋骨和胸骨骨折的实验室测试。这项工作代表了评估人体伤害风险的几个新颖之处。通过研究生物因素之间的复杂关系及其对骨折的影响，我们将减少创建损伤极限所需的标本数量，减少可变性，提高新指标的准确性。将开发创新的atd，以确保适当的负载传输和测量，以适应广泛的伤害场景。最后，一种调查躯干骨折的新方法将使我们能够制定更好的标准，以保护警察和士兵免受这些毁灭性的伤害。这一建议将有助于及时研究男性和女性的受伤风险，最终提高对骨折力学的基本理解，并为加拿大警察和武装部队提供更好的保护标准。

Protective devices and injury risk are evaluated in industry (sports, automotive, defense) through combining injury tolerance data (from cadaveric specimens) and mechanical surrogates (Anthropomorphic Test Devices, ATDs). Injury limits have historically been oversimplified; as such, our understanding of how different individuals respond to impact loads, and how best to protect them, needs greater attention. Current ATDs are limited in their ability to represent the response of the body to impact and are restricted in the types of injuries they can predict. To prevent devastating fractures, better insight into injury mechanisms is needed, along with appropriate surrogates for translation to industry. The long-term objective of this research program is to create a mechanistic understanding of high rate impact injury of biological tissues by developing novel evaluation methods to quantify injuries, and enhanced surrogates to represent them. The current proposal will focus on a unique and poorly understood injury scenario, behind armour blunt trauma (BABT). Ballistic impacts can cause devastating injuries to police and soldiers. While modern armour (body armour, ballistic shields) is largely effective at stopping projectiles, the significant energy transferred leads to large deformations, causing trauma to the user's body. For the upper limb (in contact with ballistic shields) no standards or surrogates exist to evaluate risk, and current standards for the torso (behind body armour) are oversimplified as a single maximum deformation limit. Furthermore, no known studies have examined how these may differ for males and females of various sizes. As such, there exists a clear and substantial need for both improved injury metrics and tools to assess these risks. This proposal has three short-term objectives: (i) characterize injury risk for males and females of a range of sizes using new mathematical relationships, (ii) develop novel biofidelic surrogates with new sensing technologies for injury risk evaluations, and (iii) create an innovative mechanical surrogate for lab testing of rib and sternum fractures. This work represents several novelties in assessing injury risk to the human body. By investigating the complex relationships among biological factors and their influence on fracture we will reduce the number of specimens required to create injury limits, decreasing variability, and improving accuracy of new metrics. Innovative new ATDs will be developed to ensure appropriate load transmission and measurement for a broad range of injurious scenarios. Finally, a novel approach to investigating torso fractures will allow us to develop better standards to protect police and soldiers from these devastating injuries. This proposal will enable timely research on injury risk for males and females, ultimately leading to an improved fundamental understanding of fracture mechanics and better protective standards for Canadian police and Armed Forces.