Novel methodologies to establish injury limits and surrogates to assess trauma risk for high rate impact loading to males and females

通过结合损伤耐受性数据（来自尸体标本）和机械替代品（拟人测试器械，ATD），在行业（体育、汽车、国防）中评估保护器械和损伤风险。伤害限制历来被过度简化;因此，我们需要更多地关注不同个体对冲击载荷的反应以及如何最好地保护他们。目前的ATD在代表身体对冲击的反应的能力方面是有限的，并且在它们可以预测的损伤类型方面也是有限的。为了防止破坏性骨折，需要更好地了解损伤机制，沿着适当的替代物以转化为工业。这项研究计划的长期目标是通过开发新的评估方法来量化损伤，并增强替代物来代表它们，从而对生物组织的高比率冲击损伤产生机械理解。目前的建议将集中在一个独特的和鲜为人知的伤害情况下，装甲钝伤（BABT）。弹道撞击可能对警察和士兵造成毁灭性伤害。虽然现代装甲（防弹衣，防弹盾牌）在很大程度上是有效的阻止射弹，大量的能量转移导致大变形，造成创伤的用户的身体。对于上肢（与防弹板接触），没有标准或替代品来评估风险，目前的躯干（防弹衣后面）标准过于简化，成为单一的最大变形极限。此外，没有已知的研究已经研究了这些可能会有什么不同的男性和女性的各种大小。因此，存在对改进的伤害度量和工具的明确和实质性的需求，以评估这些风险。该提案有三个短期目标：（i）使用新的数学关系描述各种尺寸的男性和女性的损伤风险，（ii）开发具有新的传感技术的新型生物替代物用于损伤风险评估，以及（iii）创建用于肋骨和胸骨骨折实验室测试的创新机械替代物。这项工作代表了评估人体伤害风险的几个新方法。通过研究生物因素之间的复杂关系及其对骨折的影响，我们将减少创建损伤限值所需的样本数量，降低变异性，并提高新指标的准确性。将开发创新的新型ATD，以确保在各种有害情况下进行适当的载荷传输和测量。最后，一种调查躯干骨折的新方法将使我们能够制定更好的标准，以保护警察和士兵免受这些毁灭性伤害。这项建议将使人们能够及时研究男性和女性的受伤风险，最终提高对骨折力学的基本认识，并为加拿大警察和武装部队制定更好的保护标准。

Protective devices and injury risk are evaluated in industry (sports, automotive, defense) through combining injury tolerance data (from cadaveric specimens) and mechanical surrogates (Anthropomorphic Test Devices, ATDs). Injury limits have historically been oversimplified; as such, our understanding of how different individuals respond to impact loads, and how best to protect them, needs greater attention. Current ATDs are limited in their ability to represent the response of the body to impact and are restricted in the types of injuries they can predict. To prevent devastating fractures, better insight into injury mechanisms is needed, along with appropriate surrogates for translation to industry. The long-term objective of this research program is to create a mechanistic understanding of high rate impact injury of biological tissues by developing novel evaluation methods to quantify injuries, and enhanced surrogates to represent them. The current proposal will focus on a unique and poorly understood injury scenario, behind armour blunt trauma (BABT). Ballistic impacts can cause devastating injuries to police and soldiers. While modern armour (body armour, ballistic shields) is largely effective at stopping projectiles, the significant energy transferred leads to large deformations, causing trauma to the user's body. For the upper limb (in contact with ballistic shields) no standards or surrogates exist to evaluate risk, and current standards for the torso (behind body armour) are oversimplified as a single maximum deformation limit. Furthermore, no known studies have examined how these may differ for males and females of various sizes. As such, there exists a clear and substantial need for both improved injury metrics and tools to assess these risks. This proposal has three short-term objectives: (i) characterize injury risk for males and females of a range of sizes using new mathematical relationships, (ii) develop novel biofidelic surrogates with new sensing technologies for injury risk evaluations, and (iii) create an innovative mechanical surrogate for lab testing of rib and sternum fractures. This work represents several novelties in assessing injury risk to the human body. By investigating the complex relationships among biological factors and their influence on fracture we will reduce the number of specimens required to create injury limits, decreasing variability, and improving accuracy of new metrics. Innovative new ATDs will be developed to ensure appropriate load transmission and measurement for a broad range of injurious scenarios. Finally, a novel approach to investigating torso fractures will allow us to develop better standards to protect police and soldiers from these devastating injuries. This proposal will enable timely research on injury risk for males and females, ultimately leading to an improved fundamental understanding of fracture mechanics and better protective standards for Canadian police and Armed Forces.