Expanding the Scope of Organobismuth Compounds in Organic Synthesis

铋是元素周期表中的第83个元素。这种重金属是主要p块元素V族中最后一个稳定的原子，被称为致烟原。尽管元素铋的原子量很大，但它的毒性却出奇地低。事实上，铋衍生的化合物已被用作抗生素、不透射线的骨水泥、抗癌剂、治疗胃肠道疾病的药物和许多其他医学应用。有机铋化合物是一类含有C-Bi键的有机金属试剂，可分为两大类：三价和五价有机铋，其中金属分别处于+3和+5氧化态。根据铋的氧化态（+3,+5），总电荷（- 1,0,+1,+2）和配位元素（3,4,5,6）的数量，有机铋化合物的几何形状有很大的多样性。由于其孤对，三价有机双胍可以作为过渡金属配合物中的sigma给体。此外，即使铋具有完整的电子壳层，有机铋化合物也可以通过与配体形成高价相互作用而充当路易斯酸。由于这些显著和独特的性质，有机铋化合物在全合成、方法开发、聚合反应以及“绿色”、有机金属和药物化学中得到了应用。本课课组报道了制备功能化三芳基、三烷基和三环丙基铋胺的方案。特别是，我们开发了一种高效的策略来合成高度功能化的三芳基铋，该策略涉及直接对有机金属物种进行直接的三重官能团操纵。这些有机铋化合物被用于铜催化的芳基化、烷基化和环丙基化反应，以及钯催化的芳基/杂芳基、乙烯基卤化物和三氟酸盐的交叉偶联反应。这些方法可以在温和的条件下构建C-C、C-N和C-O键，具有较高的官能团耐受性，并允许在医学相关支架上安装官能团。在这个研究项目中，我们建议利用有机铋化合物的独特性质来开发新的反应，从而允许对生物有机化合物进行修饰，实现新的反应类型，并获得合成具有挑战性的分子。我们还将制备新的有机铋化合物，这些化合物具有独特的电子，立体和几何性质，具有增溶基团，导致高价性和手性，并且可以在催化，电化学，材料科学和构造学中找到应用。该课程非常适合培养催化、有机、有机金属和绿色化学领域的多学科技能的高素质人才。

Bismuth is the 83rd element of the Periodic Table. This heavy metal is the last stable atom of group V of the main p block elements, called the pnictogens. Despite its heavy atomic weight, elemental bismuth shows surprisingly low toxicity. In fact, bismuth-derived compounds have been used as antibiotics, radiopaque bone cements, anticancer agents, drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and in many other medicinal applications.Organobismuth compounds, a class of organometallic reagents that contain a C-Bi bond, are subdivided into two main groups: trivalent and pentavalent organobismuthines where the metal is in the +3 and +5 oxidation state, respectively. A wide diversity of geometries have been found for organobismuth compounds depending on the oxidation state of bismuth (+3, +5), its overall charge (-1, 0, +1, +2) and its number of coordinated elements (3, 4, 5, 6). Due to its lone pair, trivalent organobismuthines can act as sigma-donor ligands in transition metal complexes. In addition, even though bismuth has a full electronic shell, organobismuth compounds can also act as Lewis acids by forming hypervalent interactions with ligands. Due to these remarkable and unique properties, organobismuth compounds have found applications in total synthesis, methodology development, polymerization reactions as well as in 'green', organometallic and medicinal chemistry.Our group reported protocols to prepare functionalized triaryl, trialkyl and tricyclopropylbismuthines. In particular, we developed an efficient strategy for the synthesis of highly functionalized triarylbismuthines that involves direct triple functional group manipulation directly on the organometallic species. These organobismuth compounds were used in a portfolio of copper-catalyzed arylation, alkylation and cyclopropylation reactions as well as in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with aryl/heteroaryl and vinyl halides and triflates. These methods, which lead to the construction of C-C, C-N and C-O bonds, operate under mild conditions, show high functional group tolerance and allow the installation of functionalized groups on medicinally relevant scaffolds.In this research program, we propose to use the unique properties of organobismuth compounds to develop novel reactions that allow the modification of bioorganic compounds, enable new types of reactions, and give access to synthetically challenging molecules. We will also prepare novel organobismuth compounds that have unique electronic, steric and geometric properties, that possess solubilizing groups, that lead to hypervalency and chirality, and that can find applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, material sciences and tectonics. This program is ideally suited for training highly qualified personnel with multidisciplinary skills in the field of catalysis, organic, organometallic and green chemistry.