Atmospheric composition measurements for air quality and climate studies

动机：加拿大面临着越来越大的社会和监管压力，要求其减少温室气体(GHG)排放，以避免对气候系统的危险人为干扰，并防止本世纪的快速气候变化(CC)。与此同时，减少标准空气污染物(CAC)排放仍然是预防和管理空气质量恶化(AQ)的优先事项，同时执行对臭氧消耗物质(消耗臭氧层物质)排放的禁令对于臭氧层的恢复仍然至关重要。对大气在气候变化、空气质量和臭氧层恢复中的作用的以过程为基础的理解的一个持续限制因素是缺乏对大气成分的密集、精确和长期观测。该提案寻求继续为哈利法克斯长期研究级大气成分观测综合方案提供资金，用于空气质量和气候研究，包括六个短期目标(O1-O6)。长期研究计划目标：以下科学问题表达了本研究的目标：(G1)空气污染物的浓度和长期趋势在多大程度上受到排放/沉积、化学转化和传输过程的控制？(G2)气溶胶在云形成、降水、大气辐射传输和气候中起什么作用？(G3)海气交换对碳循环和大气化学有何影响？短期目标：G1-O1：与海运活动有关的挥发性有机化合物和温室气体排放是什么？G1-O2：卫星表面挥发性有机物浓度的精确度有多高？G2-O_3：哈利法克斯的气溶胶、云和行星边界层高度有什么特征？G2-O4：冷云区矿物尘埃的观测和模式比较如何？G3-O5：沿海海洋和盐沼温室气体通量的特征是什么？G3-O6：海-气界面的反应性气体有什么特征？影响：O1和O2与G1有关，并增加了对空气污染物(海洋运输)和卫星衍生的HCHO(大气化学)表面测绘的了解，对人类和生态系统健康产生影响。臭氧和臭氧与G2有关，并实施新的地面气溶胶和云测量(MMPL)，同时验证现有的长期卫星测量(OSIRIS)，对气溶胶-云-气候相互作用的理解(天气和气候预报中最大的未知数)产生影响。O5和O6与G3有关，并开发了一种测量温室气体海气通量的新技术，同时探索海-气界面的反应气体浓度梯度，从而减少了与氧化化学和碳循环有关的对流层微量气体海洋预算的不确定性。在这项工作中获得的长期、高质量的数据集对空气质量和气候研究至关重要。

Motivation: Canada is faced with increasing social and regulatory pressures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to avert dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and prevent rapid climate change (CC) in this century. At the same time, the reduction of criteria air contaminant (CAC) emissions remains a priority for preventing and managing deteriorating air quality (AQ), while enforcing the ban on ozone depleting substance (ODS) emissions remains crucial for the recovery of the ozone layer. A continued limiting factor on process-based understanding of the role of the atmosphere in climate change, air quality and ozone layer recovery is the scarcity of dense, precise and long-term observations of atmospheric composition. This proposal seeks a continuation of funding for a comprehensive program of long-term, research-grade observations of atmospheric composition in Halifax for air quality and climate studies, including six short-term objectives (O1-O6). Long-term research program goals: The following science questions express the goals of this research: (G1) To what extent are concentrations and long-term trends of air pollutants controlled by the processes of emission/deposition, chemical transformation and transport? (G2) What role do aerosols play in cloud formation, precipitation, atmospheric radiative transfer, and climate? (G3) What is the influence of air-sea gas exchange on the carbon cycle and atmospheric chemistry? Short-term objectives:  G1-O1: What VOC and GHG emissions are associated with marine shipping activities? G1-O2: How accurate are surface-level concentrations of VOCs derived from satellites? G2-O3: What are the characteristics of aerosols, clouds and planetary boundary layer heights in Halifax? G2-O4: How do observations and models compare on mineral dust in cold-cloud regions? G3-O5: What are the characteristics of coastal ocean and saltmarsh fluxes of GHGs? G3-O6: What are the signatures of reactive gases at the air-sea interface? Impact: O1 and O2 relate to G1 and increase the understanding of air pollutants (marine shipping) and satellite-derived surface mapping of HCHO (atmospheric chemistry), with impacts on human and ecosystem health. O3 and O4 relate to G2 and operationalize a new ground-based measurement of aerosols and clouds (mMPL) while validating an existing and long-term satellite-based one (OSIRIS), with impacts on aerosols-cloud-climate interaction understanding (the largest unknown in weather and climate forecasting). O5 and O6 relate to G3 and develop a new technique for GHG air-sea flux measurement while exploring reactive gas concentration gradients at the air-sea interface, thus reducing uncertainty in tropospheric trace gas oceanic budgets related to oxidative chemistry and the carbon cycle. Long-term, high-quality data sets acquired in the course of this work are critical to air quality and climate studies.